Energy Efficiency Policies in Some of the European Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 100-131
Author(s):  
Savaş Çevik ◽  
M. Mustafa Erdoğdu ◽  
Fatma Turna
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policy ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policies ◽  
The Impact

This chapter deals with the instruments and policies to achieve energy efficiency in some of the European Union (EU) member states. The main aim of the study is to search for any efficient combination of policy instruments in the EU. The analysis is based on a unique database, derived out of the MURE project, related to energy efficiency policy measures in 28 EU countries and Norway. The study first describes and evaluates the main purposes and instruments of energy efficiency policies. Then, it classifies the measures applied to promote energy efficiency in sample countries by sectors and examines the impact level of different policy packages on energy efficiency.

scholarly journals International legal experience in combating illegal migration by sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
O.O. Kukshynova ◽  
A. O. Samoilenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Illegal Migrants ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treaty Of Amsterdam

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

Relevance of EU Copyright Law to (Future) Non-EU Member States

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-198
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Exceptions And Limitations ◽  
Eu Copyright Law ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the impact of CJEU copyright case law on national copyright regimes, even beyond the wording of EU directives as transposed into national legal systems. To this end, it focuses on the UK and, following a discussion of what immediate changes the departure from the EU and the EEA (Brexit) would have (also with regard to issues of exhaustion), it explores to what extent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has changed UK copyright law. EU decisions have had an impact in areas such as: copyright subsistence, subject matter categorization, primary/accessory liability, standard of infringement, exceptions and limitations, and enforcement (with particular regard to website blocking jurisprudence). Overall, this chapter shows the legacy of CJEU case law, and how pervasive the impact of such case law is.

scholarly journals Environmental Payback of Renovation Strategies in a Northern Climate—the Impact of Nuclear Power and Fossil Fuels in the Electricity Supply

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ramírez-Villegas ◽  
Ola Eriksson ◽  
Thomas Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study is to assess how the use of fossil and nuclear power in different renovation scenarios affects the environmental impacts of a multi-family dwelling in Sweden, and how changes in the electricity production with different energy carriers affect the environmental impact. In line with the Paris Agreement, the European Union has set an agenda to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of energy efficiency in buildings. It is estimated that by the year 2050, 80% of Europe’s population will be living in buildings that already exist. This means it is important for the European Union to renovate buildings to improve energy efficiency. In this study, eight renovation scenarios, using six different Northern European electricity mixes, were analyzed using the standard of the European Committee for Standardization for life cycle assessment of buildings. This study covers all life cycle steps from cradle to grave. The renovation scenarios include combinations of photovoltaics, geothermal heat pumps, heat recovery ventilation, and improvement of the building envelope. The results show that while in some electricity mixes a reduction in the global warming potential can be achieved, it can be at the expense of an increase in radioactive waste production, and, in mixes with a high share of fossil fuels, the global warming potential of the scenarios increases with time, compared with that of the original building. It also shows that in most electricity mixes, scenarios that reduce the active heat demand of the building end up in reducing both the global warming potential and radioactive waste, making them less sensitive to changes in the energy system.

scholarly journals Friends or Foes? Political Synergy or Competition between Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6339
Author(s):  
Lana Ollier ◽  
Marc Melliger ◽  
Johan Lilliestam
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policy ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Multi Linear Regression ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policies ◽  
Two Sides

Energy efficiency measures and the deployment of renewable energy are commonly presented as two sides of the same coin—as necessary and synergistic measures to decarbonize energy systems and reach the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Here, we quantitatively investigate the policies and performances of the EU Member States to see whether renewables and energy efficiency policies are politically synergistic or if they rather compete for political attention and resources. We find that Member States, especially the ones perceived as climate leaders, tend to prioritize renewables over energy efficiency in target setting. Further, almost every country performs well in either renewable energy or energy efficiency, but rarely performs well in both. We find no support for the assertion that the policies are synergistic, but some evidence that they compete. However, multi-linear regression models for performance show that performance, especially in energy efficiency, is also strongly associated with general economic growth cycles, and not only efficiency policy as such. We conclude that renewable energy and energy efficiency are not synergistic policies, and that there is some competition between them.

14. European Politics into the Future

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-269
Author(s):  
Catherine E. De Vries ◽  
Sara B. Hobolt ◽  
Sven-Oliver Proksch ◽  
Jonathan B. Slapin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
European Democracy ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores recent changes in European politics and looks to the future for European democracy as it stands now. The chapter explores the ongoing political change that can be seen within European countries and also at the European Union (EU) level. It aims to highlight four important debates about the state of democracy in Europe. These are: the debates about the rise of political fragmentation and its consequences for democracy; democratic backsliding in central and eastern Europe; the impact of the United Kingdom leaving the EU on democracy; and the democratic deficit in EU politics.

scholarly journals British-Slovak Foreign Trade Relations: Consequences of Brexit

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
Marcel Kordos
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The possibility of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union has never been more realistic and up-to-date since joining the European Communities (EC) as it is today. The UK is facing a unique situation. At present, this depends solely on the capabilities of European and British government officials, who negotiate the terms of withdrawal and future cooperation between the two entities. The main goal of this paper is based on the British – Slovak trade relations development analysis to figure out their impact within the Brexit consequences on the future Slovak economy and its current status in international economic relations. The paper also provides a basic overview of Brexit process and its possible impact on the EU's further functioning. Basic data will be drawn from generally accepted institutions, evaluating the UK and Slovak trade and economic performance. To accomplish this goal, methods such as analysis and comparison to illustrate the UK-Slovak foreign trade development, synthesis and logical deduction to discuss the Brexit impact on Slovak economic environment in the future are to be used; data from scientific and professional publications, periodical and non-periodical press. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed that because of the size of economic relations between Slovakia and the United Kingdom and the number of goods and services being exported to the UK, the «hard» Brexit will be very unfavourable for Slovak foreign trade due to the possible tariffs being imposed. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that it can cause a significant weakening and slowdown in the Slovak economy. Either way, the upcoming Brexit process, that is the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union, would have a major impact not only on British, European but also on the world economy. The impact of Brexit on Slovakia's economy will not only be in reducing the possible growth of the economy, but also in employment and price increases. Keywords: EU single market, Britain's withdrawal from the EU, foreign trade policy instruments analysis, international economics, Slovak economy slowdown prediction, Slovak foreign trade commodity structure analysis.

scholarly journals The cultural constituent of the European Soft Power in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
A.Zh. Seitkhamit ◽  
◽  
S.M. Nurdavletova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The European Union dynamically exercises various forms and methods of the Soft Power in its foreign policy. The article reviews its main principles and characteristics as well as conceptual basics. As an example, the article considers the European cultural diplomacy in the Republic of Kazakhstan as a method of soft power. The authors pay an attention specific actions of the European cultural diplomacy in Kazakhstan as well as the mechanisms of its implementation. Apart from that, cultural soft power of two European countries – France and Germany – are considered as separate actions of the EU member states in the sphere of culture. Finally, it assesses importance of Kazakhstan for the EU and effectiveness of such policy in this country.

scholarly journals Vectors of EU Common Agricultural Policy Reforms for the Period 2021-2027 with in the International Marketing Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-187
Author(s):  
Nataliia SHYBAIEVA ◽  
Tetiana KVIATKO ◽  
Otabeg AZIZOV
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Market Price ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Impact

The article identifies the impact of agricultural policy on the development of state regulation of the economies of European Union member states (EU). The main reason for the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for EU member states has been identified. Some key reforms have been analyzed implemented within the integration association. It was found that the reform of CAP is due to the need to address market price uncertainty, respond to expanding access to the EU market by free trade agreements, use digital technologies to improve the accuracy and efficiency of CAP tools, accelerate their practical application, increase attention to environmental issues, environment, and climate change. The article also presents the main economic and social goals of the CAP, which are included in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It is established that the institutional component of the CAP reform is reflected in the introduction of proposals into the legislative framework of the CAP for the period 2021-2027. The proposals of the European Commission were formulated in nine key objectives, which are considered in this article. Some tools, requirements for their use, and indicators for measuring progress towards the nine specific objectives of the CAP, which the European Commission has proposed to EU member states to achieve the defined goals are also analyzed. The CAP EU budget for 2014-2020 is considered and compared with the proposed budget for 2021-2027 (in constant 2018 prices).

scholarly journals Ethical and Procedural Issues For Applying Researcher-Driven Multi-National Paediatric Clinical Trials in and Outside The European Union: The Challenging Experience of The DEEP Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Giannuzzi ◽  
Mariagrazia Felisi ◽  
Donato Bonifazi ◽  
Hugo Devlieger ◽  
George Papanikolaou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Clinical Trial Application ◽  
Paediatric Trial ◽  
General Linear Model Analysis ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background. We describe our experience from a multi-national application of a European Union-funded research-driven paediatric trial (DEEP-2, EudraCT 2012-000353-31; NCT01825512).This paper aims to evaluate the impact of the local and national rules on the trial authorisation process in European and non-European countries. National/local provisions and procedures, number of Ethics Committees and Competent Authorities to be addressed, documentation required, special provisions for the paediatric population, timelines for completing the authorisation process and queries received were collected; compliance with the European provisions were evaluated.Descriptive analysis, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and General Linear Model analysis were used to determine factors potentially influencing the timelines. The Cluster Analysis procedure was used to identify homogenous groups of cases.Result. The authorisation process was completed in 7,7 to 53,8 months in European countries and in 17,1 to 27,1 months in non-European countries. The main factors influencing these timelines resulted the requests for changes/clarifications in European countries and the different national legislations in non-European countries.Conclusion. This work confirms that the procedures and requirements for the clinical trial application of a paediatric trial are different. In the European Union, the timeframes for submission were generally harmonised but longer. In non-EU countries, delays were caused by national dispositions but the entire authorisation process resulted faster with less requests from ECs/CAs. The upcoming application of Regulation (EU) 536/2014 is expected to harmonise practices in Europe and possibly outside. Networks on paediatric research acting at international level will be crucial in this effort.

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