Historical Development of the /j-/ Sound at the beginning of the words in Kazakh Language

One of the most emphasized issues of the Turkish language, which also causes differences of opinion among Turcologists,is the state of the sound / y- / at the beginning of the words.This sound varies in terms of both historical Turkish dialects and contemporary Turkish dialects and is met with a different sound. For those who accept the Altaic hypothesis, it is known that the Proto-Turkic language, which developed as an independent language after the era of the Proto- Altaic language, was divided into two branches as Oghur languages (West Old Turkish) and Common Turkic (East Old Turkish). In Turcology, the terms Lir Turkic for Oghur languages and Shaz Turkic for Common Turkic are also used. In order to classify the Turkic languages, the sounds /l, /ş/ and /r/, /z/ sounds, and also the / y- / sound at the beginning ofthe words were used as criteria. This article will focus on thedevelopment of the / y- / sound at the beginning of the words in Turkic languages, which corresponds to the / j- / sound at the beginning of the words in the Modern Kazakh language through diachronic and synchronic comparisons. It will be mentioned that whether the /y-/ sound can be seen since the Orkhon Turkic, which is one of the historic periods of the East Old Turkic, or the /j-/ sound in the Kazakh language is more archaic.

Dictionaries oflinguistics in the Kazakh andTurkish languages from the XX century to the present: comparative analysis

Linguistics is a branch of science that reflects the internal laws and rules of the language. Thanks to dictionaries published in the field of linguistics, you can see whether terms are formed in a particular system or not.The article analyzes description oflinguistic dictionaries published in theKazakh and Turkish languages from the twentieth century to thepresentday.Various factors have influenced the change in language throughout the century. For example, in Kazakh linguistics before independence, most of the terms were given Russian names. The grammar of theArabic, Persian and Western languages had a particular influence on the formation of Turkish linguistics. In the article, there are analyzed features and disadvantages of the internal structure of dictionaries and there has been determined their number. An example of a linguistic term for each dictionary is also provided.There wereused such linguistic method as comparative historical analysisand description

Citizens' attitudes towards the digitalisation of public services in contemporary Russia

A digital government is relevant topic. It is associated with hopes for improving the institutions of public policy and administration. Russia has adopted programs for the development of the digital economy. So that, there is planned the transition to digital government in Russia. The transition to digital government is accompanied by several challenges such as control, centralization, excessive control, etc. An important factor in the success of responding to these challenges is the attitude of citizens to the digitalization of public services. This article presents empirical materials from a sociological study conducted in two regions of the Russian Federation: St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The sample size was 300 respondents. The study is the empirical basis for a multistage study conducted by the author as part of the research team of St. Petersburg State University in the period from 2017 to 2020. The article presents the empirical material of the study and analysis on its basis of the attitudes of Russian citizens in relation to the implementation of new management models in a transforming social, economic and political environment. Since the article is based primarily on original empirical material, the presented references to other theoretical and practical works are informative

Actual problems of education in the eurasian region (on the example of Russia and Mongolia)

The trajectories of the development of the state education system in Russia and Mongolia in the twentieth century had similar trends. They reflected the common problems and achievements of building the foundations of public education. Currently, these countries are faced with the problem of denationalization and defundamentalization of the public education system. Special research attention is required by the fact of the devaluation of higher education with an increasing demand for it among young people. Russia and Mongolia are experiencing the influence of globalization and Westernization, which threatens to result in the loss of pan-Eurasian values in education today. Common Eurasian values include good neighborliness, a strong and friendly family, peace, mutual assistance, and respect for the natural principle. These values will make it possible to resist the globalist unification onslaught and the destruction of national identity. The common life priorities of the peoples of Eurasia have united them for centuries over national, cultural, and religious differences. The researchers note that even in the new geopolitical conditions, the complementarity of interethnic relations between Russian and Mongolian youth persists. These data were obtained during interdisciplinary research among students of the Altai Territory of Russia and the Khovda Aimag of Mongolia. The article provides recommendations for strengthening cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of education

Global Cities of the East: a conceptual and empirical analysis of foreign studies

The article is aimed at defining the findings and concepts of the researchers of the Eastern global cities and highlighting the features of "East Asian" global cities. For the most of the twentieth century, this area was one of the least urbanized areas in the world, but now cities are growing rapidly and becoming important centers in the regional and global urban hierarchy. The researchers of the Eastern countries identified 16 major megacities claiming the title of world cities, namely Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Seoul, Busan, Taipei, Singapore, Bangkok, Manila, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, and Istanbul. Tokyo on this list, followed by Hong Kong, is included in the "Global City", while Seoul and Taipei are included in the ranking of world cities as national models of "recently industrialized countries". These and other issues related to the global cities of the East are based on research and analysis by foreign and Russian authors.

Economic relations of the EU with the countries of Central Asia

The international cooperation that takes place between the countries of the EU and Central Asia is important from both political and economic points of view. Central Asia is an important partner for the European Union due to its advantageous geographic location between Europe and Asia. Therefore, the EU, as well as the neighboring countries of Central Asia are striving to establishclose ties with this region. Based on the analysis of the data, the article argues that due to the presence of a powerful resource base, the subjects under consideration have all the opportunities for the development of the economy at a high level. Cooperation with foreign partners, well-chosen development priorities, projects to improve the transport infrastructure can make this macro-region one ofthe largest economic giants in the world.

Some aspects of cultural diplomacy in the framework of bilateral cooperation between France and Kazakhstan

The article analyzes aspects of cultural diplomacy in the framework of humanitarian cooperation between France and Kazakhstan, their importance in establishing diplomatic relations. Certainly, in the context of globalization, the role of cultural diplomacy is growing, the world has turned into a huge information space, where the interconnection and interdependence of the countries of the world community is evidently. Cultural diplomacy is often a means of establishing and developing relations with other states and peoples, as well as a means of selfexpression and positioning a country in the world arena and in the mass consciousness. The main emphasis in the article is given to the sphere of education and culture, their role is determined as a means of deepening bilateral relations between two countries. The strengths and weaknesses of cooperation in this area, as well as prospects for further development are considered. The growing role of cultural diplomacy between countries as a means of deepening bilateral relations is noted.

Қазақстандағы діни ахуал: қоғамдық пікірді талдау

Today, the religious situation in Kazakhstan is complicated and constantly developing, as the growing religious awareness of the population, the propaganda activities of foreign religious missions and the peculiarities of national legislation regulating the religious sphere of society lead to various positive and negative consequences. There are several problems associated with the low level of religious literacy of the population, the divergence of value orientations between believers and citizens of the country on an atheistic position, as well as the heterogeneity of ways to spread religious ideas used by different faiths. These questions emphasize the importance of monitoring the religious situation in order to determine the level of religious orientation of the population, the state of relations between representatives of different faiths and religious movements, the level of tolerance and interfaith harmony in Kazakhstan. In this regard, it has been hypothesized that the current religious situation in the country is very complex, its regulation and effectiveness of implementing state bodies is high, empirical research methods studied public opinion, resulting in a positive assessment of the activities of implementing state bodies, proved that the religious situation in the country is stable and favorable. The article contains some results of studying the religious situation in Kazakhstan.

Korea's Choice for Asia

The article discusses the Republic of Korea’s role in multiple already working and being negotiated free trade agreements from the viewpoints of the influence of Korea’s domestic affairs on the role and of the political and economic change among its partners in the free trade agreements. It finds that Korea’s position on the free trade agreements remained stable despite the shift to the domination of right-wing parties in Korea’s domestic politics in 2008 and back to domination of left-wing parties in 2017. Both left- and right-wing parties in Korea supported the free trade agreements, despite their rationale was different: in 2000s left-wing parties perceived the free trade agreements to curb negative consequences of the 1990s Asia’s financial crisis, while in 2010s right-wing parties perceived them as a response to the failure of multilateral trade negotiations within the World Trade Organization. It also finds that Korea’s partners in the free trade agreements sometimes seek to re-negotiate the already existing free trade agreements in response to domestic political and economic changes in those countries. In most cases, Korea and its partners managed to find common grounds at re-negotiations and thus to conclude renewed bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements. At the same time, Korea, China, and Japan have so far failed to conclude a trilateral free trade agreement, thus leaving the ASEAN in the position of the exemplary group of countries in the core of the network of Asia’s free trade agreements.

Historical preconditions for the construction of the new Suez Canal and its political and economic significance

The Suez Canal has become a certain symbol of Egyptian patriotism; this fact is proved by an opening of a partial backup of themain watercourse of the Suez Canal in July 2015. The Suez Canal has allowed reconciling ideologicaland religiousdifferenceswithinthe country,unitingMuslimsand ChristianCopts.Atthepresent stage ofdevelopment,theEgyptian canal not only brings significant public funds to the country, but also provides additional jobs; and the slogans for its further expansion and transformation into a modern logistics center allow the Egyptians to recognize themselves as an important part of the global economy. Creation of large transport systems and nodes connected with the transit of natural resources and goods with high added value is an important article of income of any state, through the territory of which they pass. As noted by the Elbasy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev N.A., transport infrastructure is a blood system of the industrial economy and society [1]. Analysis of the features of the construction and operation of the Suez Canal demonstrates the basicapproaches to theproblems of creatingnew transport arteries