The Summers and Winters of Artificial Intelligence

2018 ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
Tad Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
John Mccarthy ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Equivalent

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of Computer Science whose aim is to make computers intelligent. These “intelligent” activities, include thinking, reasoning, receiving stimuli from the environment and responding to them, solving puzzles, speaking and understanding language, etc. It was John McCarthy who coined the word, “Artificial Intelligence” at the conference on computers in Dartmouth in 1954 indicating that its goal was to achieve a digital equivalent of human level intelligence. In 1970s, AI entered a low-productive period known as the AI winter. During this period, scientific and notably commercial activities in AI dropped dramatically. The victory of IBM's Deep Blue AI program over the reigning world chess champion in 1997 is probably hailed as the biggest achievement of AI. Yet another great AI achievement is the victory of IBM's Watson over the world Jeopardy champions in 2011. This chapter is a brief outline of how through numerous ups and downs AI has come to be where it currently is, and where we might expect it to be heading in the next couple of decades.

The Summers and Winters of Artificial Intelligence

2019 ◽  
pp. 168-179
Author(s):  
Tad Gonsalves
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
John Mccarthy ◽  
The World ◽  
Digital Equivalent

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science whose aim is to make computers intelligent. These “intelligent” activities include thinking, reasoning, receiving stimuli from the environment and responding to them, solving puzzles, speaking and understanding language, etc. It was John McCarthy who coined the word artificial intelligence at the conference on computers in Dartmouth in 1954, indicating that its goal was to achieve a digital equivalent of human-level intelligence. In the 1970s, AI entered a low-productive period known as the AI winter. During this period, scientific and notably commercial activities in AI dropped dramatically. The victory of IBM's Deep Blue AI program over the reigning world chess champion in 1997 is probably hailed as the biggest achievement of AI. Yet another great AI achievement is the victory of IBM's Watson over the world Jeopardy champions in 2011. This chapter is a brief outline of how, through numerous ups and downs, AI has come to be where it currently is, and where we might expect it to be heading in the next couple of decades.

scholarly journals In Memoriam: RAYMOND REITER June 12, 1939 – September 16, 2002

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. i-ix
Author(s):  
Jack Minker
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Theorem Proving ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Research Scientist ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
The World ◽  
In Memoriam ◽  
The University

Raymond Reiter, Professor of computer science at the University of Toronto, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and winner of the 1993 – IJCAI Outstanding Research Scientist Award, died September 16, 2002, after a year-long struggle with cancer. Reiter, known throughout the world as “Ray,” made foundational contributions to artificial intelligence, knowledge representation and databases, and theorem proving.

scholarly journals Can models of agents be transferred between different areas?

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH AYLETT ◽  
KERSTIN DAUTENHAHN ◽  
JIM DORAN ◽  
MICHAEL LUCK ◽  
SCOTT MOSS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Sustained Activity ◽  
Diverse Environment ◽  
The World ◽  
Multi Agent

One of the main reasons for the sustained activity and interest in the field of agent-based systems, apart from the obvious recognition of its value as a natural and intuitive way of understanding the world, is its reach into very many different and distinct fields of investigation. Indeed, the notions of agents and multi-agent systems are relevant to fields ranging from economics to robotics, in contributing to the foundations of the field, being influenced by ongoing research, and in providing many domains of application. While these various disciplines constitute a rich and diverse environment for agent research, the way in which they may have been linked by it is a much less considered issue. The purpose of this panel was to examine just this concern, in the relationships between different areas that have resulted from agent research. Informed by the experience of the participants in the areas of robotics, social simulation, economics, computer science and artificial intelligence, the discussion was lively and sometimes heated.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mutation of super-intelligent machines may lead to the destruction of humanity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Computer ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Singularity

<p>If in future, the highly intelligent machines control the world, then what would be its advantages and disadvantages? Will, those artificial intelligence powered superintelligent machines become an anathema for humanity or will they ease out the human works by guiding humans in complicated tasks, thereby extending a helping hand to the human works making them comfortable. Recent studies in theoretical computer science especially artificial intelligence predicted something called ‘technological singularity’ or the ‘intelligent explosion’ and if this happens then there can be a further stage as transfused machinery intelligence and actual intelligence where the machines being immensely powerful with a cognitive capacity more than that of humans for solving ‘immensely complicated tasks’ can takeover the humans and even the machines by more intelligent machines of superhuman intelligence. Therefore, it is troublesome and worry-full to think that ‘if in case the machines turned out against humans for their optimal domination in this planet’. Can humans have any chances to avoid them by bypassing the inevitable ‘hard singularity’ through a set of ‘soft singularity’. This paper discusses all the facts in details along with significant calculations showing humanity, how to avoid the hard singularity when the progress of intelligence is inevitable. </p>

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence and Bank Soundness: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea - Part 2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmele Ayadurai ◽  
Sina Joneidy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Bank Failures ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
World Class ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Main Strand ◽  
Bank Soundness

Banks have experienced chronic weaknesses as well as frequent crisis over the years. As bank failures are costly and affect global economies, banks are constantly under intense scrutiny by regulators. This makes banks the most highly regulated industry in the world today. As banks grow into the 21st century framework, banks are in need to embrace Artificial Intelligence (AI) to not only to provide personalized world class service to its large database of customers but most importantly to survive. The chapter provides a taxonomy of bank soundness in the face of AI through the lens of CAMELS where C (Capital), A(Asset), M(Management), E(Earnings), L(Liquidity), S(Sensitivity). The taxonomy partitions challenges from the main strand of CAMELS into distinct categories of AI into 1(C), 4(A), 17(M), 8 (E), 1(L), 2(S) categories that banks and regulatory teams need to consider in evaluating AI use in banks. Although AI offers numerous opportunities to enable banks to operate more efficiently and effectively, at the same time banks also need to give assurance that AI ‘do no harm’ to stakeholders. Posing many unresolved questions, it seems that banks are trapped between the devil and the deep blue sea for now.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mutation of super-intelligent machines may lead to the destruction of humanity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Computer ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Singularity

<p>If in future, the highly intelligent machines control the world, then what would be its advantages and disadvantages? Will, those artificial intelligence powered superintelligent machines become an anathema for humanity or will they ease out the human works by guiding humans in complicated tasks, thereby extending a helping hand to the human works making them comfortable. Recent studies in theoretical computer science especially artificial intelligence predicted something called ‘technological singularity’ or the ‘intelligent explosion’ and if this happens then there can be a further stage as transfused machinery intelligence and actual intelligence where the machines being immensely powerful with a cognitive capacity more than that of humans for solving ‘immensely complicated tasks’ can takeover the humans and even the machines by more intelligent machines of superhuman intelligence. Therefore, it is troublesome and worry-full to think that ‘if in case the machines turned out against humans for their optimal domination in this planet’. Can humans have any chances to avoid them by bypassing the inevitable ‘hard singularity’ through a set of ‘soft singularity’. This paper discusses all the facts in details along with significant calculations showing humanity, how to avoid the hard singularity when the progress of intelligence is inevitable. </p>

scholarly journals The Technical Buzzword: Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Banya Arabi Sahoo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Real World ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
The Real ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Real World Problem ◽  
John Mccarthy ◽  
The World

AI is the incredibly exciting technique to the world. According to John McCarthy it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machine, especially intelligent computers”. AI is the way of creating extraordinary powerful machine which is similar as human being. The AI is being accomplished by studying how human brain think, how they learn, decide, work, solving the real world problem and after that verify the outcomes and studying it. Primarily you can learn here what AI is and how it works, its types, its history, its agents, its applications, its advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals DARPA’s Impact on Artificial Intelligence

AI Magazine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Scott Fouse ◽  
Stephen Cross ◽  
Zachary Lapin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
National Security ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The World ◽  
Hard Problems

The Defense Advanced Research Project Agency’s (DARPA) mission is to make pivotal investments leading to research breakthroughs that support national security. DARPA artificial intelligence (AI) programs have emphasized the need for machines to perceive and interact with the world around them; to frame problems and to arrive at solutions and decisions based on reasoning; to implement those decisions, perhaps through consultation with a human or another machine; to learn; to explain the rationale for decisions; to adhere to rules of ethical behavior defined for humans; to adapt to dynamic environments; and, to do all of this in real-time. In short, DARPA has always been interested in AI frameworks that integrate AI and computer science technologies, and the application of those frameworks to DARPA-hard problems. In this article, we describe the significant role that DARPA has played in the establishment of AI, and introduce six articles that explore DARPA’s Three Waves of AI.

Artificial Intelligence Literaturised in Jose Saramango’s Novels: An Endorsement of Creativity, Rationality and Magic Realism

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-347
Author(s):  
Joby Joseph ◽  
Catherin Edward
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Current Topic ◽  
John Mccarthy ◽  
The World ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
Jose Saramago ◽  
Crucial Ingredient

Apparently, there is no connection between artificial intelligence and literature, but at closer scrutiny, it is discernibly clear that a link-up is quite possible in a harmonious manner because both the subjects do have commonalities dotting them one end to the next. Literature is a journey through the trajectories or pathways of imagination, illusion, fantasy, and dreamlike situations. The world of artificial intelligence does have virtual realities taking place in an imaginative plain. Artificial intelligence is a repetitive, perennial and a crucial current topic in science fiction, whether unworldly, stressing the capacity advantages, or dystopian, emphasizing the possible risks and insecurities. The belief of machines with human-like intelligence dates lower back to the talented writer Samuel Butler's 1872 novel Erewhon. Buoyant or positive perceptions of the destiny of artificial intelligence are feasible in science fiction. The artificial intelligence facilitates the quick and robust operational efficiency of the world and literature fulfills this role through its crucial ingredient imagination running riot to beautify the world. The literary works of Jose Saramago do sublimate in their scope the role of artificial intelligence fair and square. John McCarthy, the founder of the idea of Artificial Intelligence, conveys the idea that ‘Artificial Intelligence is the technology and designing of making sensible and brilliant machines, particularly intelligent packages’. For me, Jose Saramago acts as an intelligent machine to check and reformulate the fundamental ethical values which are considered as universal, secular and scientific. His Scepticism goes beyond all pessimistic worldviews and his humanistic ideology surpasses all notions of illogical and unreasonable thought patterns.  Through this paper, I intend to present his literary contributions packed with ecstasy, prophetic pronouncements and visionary ability. I call his intelligence as artificial intelligence that represents his ideology, prophetic activity, and reasoning power.

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