Towards a General Theory of Information

2019 ◽  
pp. 212-224
Author(s):  
Laura L. Pană
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Information Efficiency ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
New Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Information Aesthetics ◽  
Information Functional ◽  
Information Values

Contemporary society is an information society based on information sciences and information technology. Technical information is therefore the most accessed and further promoted. This chapter aims to push toward completeness the study of information by analyzing the variety of information types and by presenting the hierarchy of information levels of existence. Specific features of natural, social, and human information are highlighted. The internal information structure of distinct domains and levels of natural and social existence is explored. Information types such as structural information, systemic information, functional information, or free information are characterized and defined from various perspectives. An interdisciplinary study of information is thus accomplished by using findings from several scientific and philosophical disciplines from information epistemology or information aesthetics to neuroinformatics and neurorobotics. New research topics such as information values, information efficiency, and information responsibility are proposed at the end of the chapter.

Towards a General Theory of Information

2018 ◽  
pp. 4459-4469
Author(s):  
Laura L. Pană
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Information Efficiency ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
New Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Information Aesthetics ◽  
Information Functional ◽  
Information Values

Contemporary society is an information society, based on Information Sciences and Information Technology. Technical information is therefore the most accessed and further promoted. This article aims to push toward completeness the study of information by analyzing the variety of information types and by presenting the hierarchy of information levels of existence. Specific features of natural, social and human information are highlighted. The internal information structure of distinct domains and levels of natural and social existence is explored. Information types such as structural information, systemic information, functional information or free information are characterized and defined, from various perspectives. An interdisciplinary study of information is thus accomplished, by using findings from several scientific and philosophical disciplines, from Information Epistemology or Information Aesthetics to Neuroinformatics and Neurorobotics. New research topics such as information values, information efficiency and information responsibility are proposed at the end of article.

STANDARD INFORMATION FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT IN A RELATIONAL DATABASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco L. Trani ◽  
Manuele Cassano ◽  
Davide Todaro
Keyword(s):  
Relational Database ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Relational Databases ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Construction Equipment ◽  
Information Need ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Standard Information

In the last years, the digital evolution involved the construction sector and produced radical changes in projects elaboration and realization. The diffusion of digital models implies a particular attention on information related to the building elements. For what concerns construction planning and management, this information need to be related to the information of the elements proper of a construction site such as equipment and machines. A deep research focused on the manufacturers’ sheets showed how technical information related to construction equipment are often non-homogenous and incomplete, probably because of a lack of a precise standard. The aims of this research are then the definition of a proper standard information structure for construction equipment and its digitalization thanks to the use of relational Databases and Building Information Models. To do this the amount of information collected from a wide number of datasheets have been standardized and organized in homogenous informative sets to be related in order to gain the correct information package of an equipment. The realization of a relational database permitted to store such data in a digital format and to search them in an efficient way. The realization of a BIM library permitted to provide to designers and firms a tool able to improve and automatize design choices in terms of construction issues.

scholarly journals The memory forensic research oriented to segment heap in Windows 10 system

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1139-1149
Author(s):  
Jiqiang ZHAI ◽  
Pan CHEN ◽  
Xiao XU ◽  
Hailu YANG
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Feature Values ◽  
Memory Object ◽  
Cyber Criminals

The current forensic research on heaps mainly extracts information from the heap of Linux and the NT heap of Windows. However, the study of how to extract the information on the segment heap in the Windows 10 from dump files is not sufficient. To reproduce the internal information on the segment heap, this paper proposes a method for locating and extracting the internal information on the segment heap in the Windows 10 according to the field offset in the vtype description information of memory object. The method uses the pool scanning technology to locate the process object, obtains the starting position of the process heap and scans the process heap according to the structural information on the process object and the process environment block object. Then it locates the position of the segment heap with its feature values, thereby extracting its internal information. Based on the analysis results, five forensic plugins for extracting the information on the segment heap were developed on the Volatility framework. The experimental results show that this method can effectively extract the information on the address of each segment heap and its internal components in the memory and on the size of committed memory, etc. The information can help investigators to analyze the digital traces left in the memory by cyber criminals or cyber attackers.

scholarly journals How to Communicate Universal Design to Architects on a New Website? A Reflection on the Type of Knowledge Requested

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidse Grangaard
Keyword(s):  
Universal Design ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Housing Authority ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
New Research ◽  
Empirical Material

Based on experiences with the development of a new research-based website on Universal Design meant to inspire and qualify the work of the Danish building sector, this paper examines the types of knowledge requested by professionals in the building sector when working with Universal Design. The Danish Transport, Construction and Housing Authority commissioned a website with the aim of increasing the building sector’s knowledge of Universal Design and supporting a change in attitude towards universal design. The site is intended to function as a platform for disseminating knowledge about Universal Design that can support the regulatory system. The empirical material of the study consists of data from qualitative interviews with actors from the building sector and workshops with the advisory board of the website. The analysis shows that, on one hand, the sector requires good examples of Universal Design and knowledge about users and their needs and, on the other hand, it needs detailed help such as comprehensive checklists to ensure the appropriate process is undertaken. However, technical information about, for example, the gradient of a ramp, does not contribute to an architectural idea and will not change any mindsets in regard to Universal Design. This paper reflects on the duality of requests from the sector using the theoretical concept of liminality. The paper describes and argues for the chosen approach for the website, namely focusing on inspiring and assisting professionals in the building sector to enhance their level of knowledge and support a change in practice towards Universal Design.

Hungry people cannot take care of their future: impact of hunger on intertemporal choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Wei Lu ◽  
Yuwei Zhou ◽  
Li Sunny Pan ◽  
Yuhao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Savings Rate ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
New Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

Purpose People often need to make intertemporal choices in their daily life, such as savings and spending, but their decisions are not always entirely rational. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of hunger on intertemporal choices and the moderating effect of sensitivity to reward. Design/methodology/approach Two studies verified these two hypotheses. The first study confirmed the existence of the main effect by manipulating food aroma. In the second study, by manipulating hunger with images, the authors increased external validity of the study and confirmed the regulation of the sensitivity of rewards. Findings The authors found that hungry people prefer to reap the benefits as early as possible in an intertemporal choice; this effect is significant only for those people who are sensitive to reward. Practical implications The research contributes to understand more about which factors will influence Chinese residents’ decisions on savings and spending. It also has practical implication for government policy, for example, proposing new ideas for reducing household savings rate and stimulating consumption. Originality/value The results confirmed that hunger significantly affects consumers’ intertemporal choices, which broadened the scope of researches on the factors that influence intertemporal choice, and advanced the study on the influence of individual’s physiological state on intertemporal choices. This study filled the gaps in previous researches, and opened up new research ideas for interdisciplinary study.

scholarly journals Pre-D non-possessor positions in Hungarian

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Judit Farkas ◽  
Krisztina Karácsonyi
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Demonstrative Pronoun ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
Deverbal Nominals ◽  
Shed Light

The paper investigates pre-D non-possessor positions in Hungarian. In Hungarian, non-deverbal nominal constructions containing pre-D non-possessor positions are acceptable only if they contain a demonstrative pronoun and also an adjective, and the appearance of a pre-D possessor does not impact the acceptability of the sentence. The paper also gives a brief discussion of similar constructions with pre-D non-possessors in German, mainly to shed light on the Hungarian data. Although German also allows for pre-D non-possessors, it does so under different conditions. A short topicalized element can readily appear in German sentences as a non-possessor dependent, but in this language a possessor can never appear in the same noun phrase. The paper also discusses deverbal nominal constructions with pre-D non-possessor dependents in Hungarian. In these constructions the presence of a possessor argument is indispensable. This is due to the fact that the placement of the non-possessor argument in a position preceding the possessor is legitimized by the fact that the former takes scope over the latter within the internal information structure of the matrix noun phrase. The paper also deals with the syntactic structure of said deverbal nominals.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Ras Membrane Organization and Signaling: Ras Rocks Again

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Abankwa ◽  
Alemayehu A. Gorfe
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Membrane Anchor ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Microscopy Data ◽  
New Research ◽  
Domain Reorientation ◽  
Dependent Type

Ras is the most frequently mutated oncogene and recent drug development efforts have spurred significant new research interest. Here we review progress toward understanding how Ras functions in nanoscale, proteo-lipid signaling complexes on the plasma membrane, called nanoclusters. We discuss how G-domain reorientation is plausibly linked to Ras-nanoclustering and -dimerization. We then look at how these mechanistic features could cooperate in the engagement and activation of RAF by Ras. Moreover, we show how this structural information can be integrated with microscopy data that provide nanoscale resolution in cell biological experiments. Synthesizing the available data, we propose to distinguish between two types of Ras nanoclusters, an active, immobile RAF-dependent type and an inactive/neutral membrane anchor-dependent. We conclude that it is possible that Ras reorientation enables dynamic Ras dimerization while the whole Ras/RAF complex transits into an active state. These transient di/oligomer interfaces of Ras may be amenable to pharmacological intervention. We close by highlighting a number of open questions including whether all effectors form active nanoclusters and whether there is an isoform specific composition of Ras nanocluster.

Neural Informatics

2011 ◽  
pp. 627-633
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Cognitive Informatics ◽  
Internal Information ◽  
New Research ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

The development of classical and contemporary informatics, the cross fertilization between computer science, systems science, cybernetics, computer/software engineering, cognitive science, neuropsychology, knowledge engineering, and life science, has led to a new research field known as Cognitive Informatics (Wang, 2002a/2003a/2003b/2004/2006a/2007b; Wang, Johnston, & Smith, 2002; Wang & Kinsner, 2006). An important branch of cognitive informatics is neural informatics (Wang, 2007b), which reduces cognitive informatics theories and the studies on the internal information processing mechanisms of the brain onto the neuron and physiological level.

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