Noise and Repeatability of Odorant Gas Sensors in an E-Nose

2011 ◽  
pp. 102-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengchun Tian ◽  
Simon X. Yang ◽  
Xuntao Xu ◽  
Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Extraction Algorithm ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the characteristics of the sensors used for electronic nose (e-nose) systems on the repeatability of the measurements is considered. The noise performance of the different types of sensors available for e-nose utilization is first examined. Following the theoretical background, the probability density functions and power spectra of noise from real sensors are presented. The impact of sensor imperfections including noise on repeatability forms the basis of the remainder of the chapter. The impact of the sensors themselves, the effect of data pre-processing methods, and the feature extraction algorithm on the repeatability are considered.

scholarly journals The Impact of Probability Density Functions Assessment on Model Performance for Slope Stability Analysis

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Evelina Volpe ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Diana Salciarini ◽  
Stefania Camici ◽  
Elisabetta Cattoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Umbria Region ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Impact

The development of forecasting models for the evaluation of potential slope instability after rainfall events represents an important issue for the scientific community. This topic has received considerable impetus due to the climate change effect on territories, as several studies demonstrate that an increase in global warming can significantly influence the landslide activity and stability conditions of natural and artificial slopes. A consolidated approach in evaluating rainfall-induced landslide hazard is based on the integration of rainfall forecasts and physically based (PB) predictive models through deterministic laws. However, considering the complex nature of the processes and the high variability of the random quantities involved, probabilistic approaches are recommended in order to obtain reliable predictions. A crucial aspect of the stochastic approach is represented by the definition of appropriate probability density functions (pdfs) to model the uncertainty of the input variables as this may have an important effect on the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF). The role of the pdf definition on reliability analysis is discussed through a comparison of PoF maps generated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations performed over a study area located in the Umbria region of central Italy. The study revealed that the use of uniform pdfs for the random input variables, often considered when a detailed geotechnical characterization for the soil is not available, could be inappropriate.

scholarly journals The impact of Probability Density Functions Assessment on Model Performance for Slope Stability Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina Volpe ◽  
Luca Ciabatta ◽  
Diana Salciarini ◽  
Stefania Camici ◽  
Elisabetta Cattoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Stochastic Approach ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Umbria Region ◽  
The Impact

The development of forecasting models for the evaluation of potential slope instability after rainfall event represents an important issue for the scientific community. This topic has received considerable impetus due to climate change effect on the territory [1, 2] as several studies demonstrate that the increase in global warming can significantly influence the landslide activity and stability conditions of natural and artificial slopes [3]. A consolidated approach in evaluating rainfall induced landslide hazard is based on the integration of rainfall forecasts and physically based (PB) predictive models through deterministic laws. However, considering the complex nature of the processes and the high variability of the random quantities involved, probabilistic approaches are recommended in order to obtain reliable predictions. A crucial aspect of the stochastic approach is represented by the definition of appropriate probability density functions (pdfs) to model the uncertainty of the input variables as this may have an important effect on the evaluation of the probability of failure (PoF). The role of the pdf definition on reliability analysis is discussed through a comparison of PoF maps generated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations performed over a study area located in the Umbria Region of central Italy.

Mean and Fluctuating Radiation Properties of Nonpremixed Turbulent Carbon Monoxide/Air Flames

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Kounalakis ◽  
J. P. Gore ◽  
G. M. Faeth
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Mixture Fraction ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Spectral Radiation ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Temporal Properties

Mean and fluctuating spectral radiation intensities were measured for horizontal chordlike paths through turbulent nonpremixed carbon monoxide/air flames. Measurements in the 2700 nm radiation band of carbon dioxide revealed radiation fluctuations exceeding 50 percent in some locations even though mean radiation levels were not strongly influenced by turbulence/radiation interactions. Both time-independent and time-dependent stochastic simulations were developed to treat turbulence/radiation interactions as well as the temporal properties of flame radiation. The stochastic simulations were based on the laminar flamelet concept to relate scalar properties to mixture fracture, methods analogous to statistical time-series techniques to treat the probability density functions and spatial and temporal correlations of mixture fraction along the radiation path, and a narrow-band radiation model. The simulations yielded encouraging predictions of mean and fluctuating values, probability density functions, and temporal power spectra of spectral radiation intensities.

Investigation of the Flopping Regime of Two-, Three-, and Four-Plate Arrays

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Guillaume ◽  
J. C. LaRue
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Base Pressure ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Periodic Fluctuations ◽  
Plate Array

The variation of the base pressure coefficient (Cp) and the characteristics of the power spectra of the velocity for arrays of two-, three- and four-plates aligned normal to the flow are presented. The wakes downstream of the plates in the array are shown to exhibit behavior that varies between stable modes, flopping and quasi-stable behavior depending on the s/t distance (where s is the spacing between the top and bottom surfaces of adjacent plates and t is the thickness of the plate). For the two and three-plate arrays with s/t=0.25, peaks in the power spectra of about 48.2 and 98.1 Hz which correspond to Strouhal numbers of 0.06 and 0.11 are observed. For the four-plate array with s/t=0.192, no clear peaks are visible. Probability density functions of uncalibrated hot-wire signals show that the peaks in the power do not correspond to continuously periodic fluctuations. [S0098-2202(00)00604-0]

Mixing Structure of Plane Self-Preserving Buoyant Turbulent Plumes

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sangras ◽  
Z. Dai ◽  
G. M. Faeth
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Mixture Fraction ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Integral Scales

Measurements of the structure of plane buoyant turbulent plumes are described, emphasizing conditions in the fully developed (self-preserving) portion of the flow. Plumes were simulated using helium/air sources in a still and unstratified air environment. Mean and fluctuating mixture fractions were measured using laser-induced iodine fluorescence. Present measurements extended farther from the source (up to 155 source widths) and had more accurate specifications of plume buoyancy fluxes than past measurements and yielded narrower plume widths and different scaled mean and fluctuating mixture fractions near the plane of symmetry than previously thought. Measurements of probability density functions, temporal power spectra, and temporal integral scales of mixture fraction fluctuations are also reported.

scholarly journals Modeling Diameter Distributions with Six Probability Density Functions in Pinus halepensis Mill. Plantations Using Low-Density Airborne Laser Scanning Data in Aragón (Northeast Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
J. Javier Gorgoso-Varela ◽  
Rafael Alonso Ponce ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez-Puerta
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Beta Function ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Minimum Diameter ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Diameter Distributions

The diameter distributions of trees in 50 temporary sample plots (TSPs) established in Pinus halepensis Mill. stands were recovered from LiDAR metrics by using six probability density functions (PDFs): the Weibull (2P and 3P), Johnson’s SB, beta, generalized beta and gamma-2P functions. The parameters were recovered from the first and the second moments of the distributions (mean and variance, respectively) by using parameter recovery models (PRM). Linear models were used to predict both moments from LiDAR data. In recovering the functions, the location parameters of the distributions were predetermined as the minimum diameter inventoried, and scale parameters were established as the maximum diameters predicted from LiDAR metrics. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic (Dn), number of acceptances by the KS test, the Cramér von Misses (W2) statistic, bias and mean square error (MSE) were used to evaluate the goodness of fits. The fits for the six recovered functions were compared with the fits to all measured data from 58 TSPs (LiDAR metrics could only be extracted from 50 of the plots). In the fitting phase, the location parameters were fixed at a suitable value determined according to the forestry literature (0.75·dmin). The linear models used to recover the two moments of the distributions and the maximum diameters determined from LiDAR data were accurate, with R2 values of 0.750, 0.724 and 0.873 for dg, dmed and dmax. Reasonable results were obtained with all six recovered functions. The goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that the beta function was the most accurate, followed by the generalized beta function. The Weibull-3P function provided the poorest fits and the Weibull-2P and Johnson’s SB also yielded poor fits to the data.

scholarly journals A synergy of the velocity gradients technique and the probability density functions for identifying gravitational collapse in self-absorbing media

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (2) ◽  
pp. 1768-1784
Author(s):  
Yue Hu ◽  
A Lazarian
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Column Density ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Velocity Gradients ◽  
Self Gravity

ABSTRACT The velocity gradients technique (VGT) and the probability density functions (PDFs) of mass density are tools to study turbulence, magnetic fields, and self-gravity in molecular clouds. However, self-absorption can significantly make the observed intensity different from the column density structures. In this work, we study the effects of self-absorption on the VGT and the intensity PDFs utilizing three synthetic emission lines of CO isotopologues 12CO (1–0), 13CO (1–0), and C18O (1–0). We confirm that the performance of VGT is insensitive to the radiative transfer effect. We numerically show the possibility of constructing 3D magnetic fields tomography through VGT. We find that the intensity PDFs change their shape from the pure lognormal to a distribution that exhibits a power-law tail depending on the optical depth for supersonic turbulence. We conclude the change of CO isotopologues’ intensity PDFs can be independent of self-gravity, which makes the intensity PDFs less reliable in identifying gravitational collapsing regions. We compute the intensity PDFs for a star-forming region NGC 1333 and find the change of intensity PDFs in observation agrees with our numerical results. The synergy of VGT and the column density PDFs confirms that the self-gravitating gas occupies a large volume in NGC 1333.

scholarly journals Interactive design of probability density functions for shape grammars

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh Dang ◽  
Stefan Lienhard ◽  
Duygu Ceylan ◽  
Boris Neubert ◽  
Peter Wonka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Interactive Design ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Shape Grammars
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document