The Business Effects of Standardization for SMEs

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Manabu Eto
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Dissemination Of Technology

Standardization activity is a type of open innovation, specifically an outbound-revealing open innovation. Through standardization activities, a given technology spreads, its effects extend to the market, and the market expands. However, in many cases, competition intensifies, and price competition occurs. To succeed as global businesses, SMEs should take a strategy known as “Niche Top” in Japan. Standardization activities are more likely to constitute a risk for SMEs. However, the Japanese government has established a system that actively encourages SMEs to standardize. The authors of this manuscript conducted interviews with companies that are targets of this standardization system and investigated how these companies expand their businesses through standardization activities while still securing profits. The results show that standardization by SMEs does not cause the dissemination of technology and the expansion of markets; rather, it helps such SMEs erect barriers to market entry through the creation of standards and plays a large role in securing shares in niche markets.

IT’S ALL IN THE MIX: HOW USER-DESIGNED PRODUCTS AND COMPANY-DESIGNED PRODUCTS CAN PEACEFULLY COEXIST

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (07) ◽  
pp. 2050067
Author(s):  
MICHAEL SCHULZ ◽  
FRANZISKA VÖLCKNER
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Innovation Ability ◽  
Entry Strategy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relevant Factors ◽  
Unexpected Consequences

Across industries, companies operate open innovation platforms that encourage users to share ideas and become product designers. Likewise, companies explicitly promote products based on user ideas as “user-designed” (e.g., McDonald’s MyBurger, LEGO Ideas). This paper introduces and empirically investigates two managerially relevant factors that can influence the effect of user-designed products on consumers’ reactions. Specifically, Studies 1a and 1b reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between the share of user-designed products in a company’s product portfolio and consumers’ purchase intentions, which is mediated by consumers’ perceptions of the company’s innovation ability. Study 2 examines the role of the market entry strategy for user-designed products. While the inverted U-shaped effect holds for followers, the relationship between the share of user-designed products and consumers’ purchase intentions becomes U-shaped for first movers. These results suggest that user-designed products can have unexpected consequences that managers need to be aware of and consider in their actions.

What the patent dance of the Biosimilars Act means for biosimilars

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Fazzolare ◽  
Joanna Brougher
Keyword(s):  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Title Vii ◽  
President Obama ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
Biologic Product

There are currently only two biosimilars on the market in the US in contrast to the 21 biosimilars have been approved in Europe since 2006. Part of the reason for the lack of biosimilars is that until recently, there has been no abbreviated pathway for a biosimilar to reach the market meaning that biosimilars had to undergo the long and costly process of obtaining approval just like an innovator biologic product. After years of negotiation, however, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (the “Biosimilars Act”) was signed into law on March 23, 2010, by President Obama as Title VII of the Patent Protection and Affordable Care Act. The Biosimilars Act established an abbreviated pathway by which the FDA could approve generic versions of previously licensed biological products. The Biosimilars Act sets forth several requirements for biosimilar applications, including the so-called “Patent Dance” which describes the process by which the biosimilar applicant and the reference product sponsor (“RPS”) exchange patent-related information before the biosimilar can enter the market. In this article, we will explore what the Patent Dance is and what it means for biosimilars that are seeking market entry in the US. 

scholarly journals Innovation And Market Entry In The Energy Industry: Lessons For Fuel Cells And New Technologies

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darian Unger
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
Success Stories

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Regulatory, environmental, and market changes are spurring new technological development in the energy industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Fuel cells are the largest new entrant to the energy industry, and this technology faces enormous challenges in entering the transportation and power generation markets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Potential barriers include slow market acceptance, the resistance of incumbent energy firms, the lack of hydrogen infrastructure systems, and significant design and engineering obstacles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper compares challenges faced by the fuel cell industry to those faced by several previous breakthrough energy technologies &ndash; including incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs, and combustion turbines &ndash; all of which faced comparable market entry challenges before ultimately succeeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Results of this study and historical comparison show how other energy companies and industries overcame similar and daunting barriers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Lessons from these earlier success stories include the need for critical enablers such as using niche markets to sustain R&amp;D, building new infrastructure systems or conforming to existing ones, and benefiting from favorable public policies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span></p>

De oprichting van Het Vlaamsche Front te Antwerpen. Een getuigenis van Rob Van Roosbroeck

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-286
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Nineteen Sixties ◽  
Large Role ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Conscience ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Vague Concept ◽  
First World

De partij, het Vlaamsche Front, werd door de vooraanstaande Vlaams-nationalistische historicus Hendrik Elias in de jaren zestig van de 20ste eeuw beschreven als een partij waar sociaal bewogen, pacifistische en links-revolutionaire wereldverbeteraars een plaats vonden en invloed uitoefenden. Die strekking werd verbonden met het vage begrip ‘humanitair’ en met een uitgesproken democratische en pacifistische ingesteldheid. Haar werd verhoudingsgewijs erg belangrijke rol toegedicht in het Vlaams-nationalisme van die naoorlogse jaren. Robert Van Roosbroeck, geboren in Antwerpen in 1898, was vier jaar ouder dan Hendrik Elias. Hij had deze jaren als jong, militant kaderlid van de partij meegemaakt. Elias gebruikte hem als bron voor de beschrijving van de overgang van oorlog naar vrede in het Vlaams-nationalisme in Antwerpen. Van Roosbroeck  had daardoor een grote invloed op de creatie van dit humanitaire en pacifistische amigo van het Vlaamsche Front. De autobiografische teksten waarmee hij Elias beïnvloedde, zijn het onderwerp van deze bronuitgave.________The foundation of The Flemish Front in Antwerp. A testimony by Rob Van RoosbroeckIn the nineteen sixties Hendrik Elias, the prominent Flemish Nationalist historian, described the Flemish Front party, which was founded after the First World War, as a party where pacifists with a social conscience and left-revolutionary do-gooders found a niche and exerted influence. That meaning was linked with the vague concept of ‘humanitarian’ and a more explicit democratic and pacifist conviction. The Flemish-Nationalism of those past war years attributed a comparatively large role to the Flemish Front. Robert Van Roosbroeck, born in Antwerp in 1898, was four years older than Hendrik Elias. He had experienced these years as a young, militant executive member of the party. Elias used him as a source for the description of the transition from war to peace in Flemish Nationalism in Antwerp. For that reason Van Roosbroeck greatly influenced the creation of the humanitarian and pacifist image of the Flemish Front. The autobiographic texts with which he influenced Elias constitute the subject of this source publication.

Making Use of Intellectual Property in Open Innovation Business Activities

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-72
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Business Enterprises

Intellectual capital is the creation of more wealth by dint of knowledge and knowledge-based processes. The cycle of intellectual capital begins at inner faculties of a human being, in the application of skills, knowledge, experimentation, and research. Thus, it begins at the knowledge level in a person and ends at the creation of capital. This capital is known as intellectual capital. This chapter mainly explains the role of the elements in intellectual capital for open innovative initiatives in business enterprises. Five case illustrations are discussed in open innovation management with the elements of intellectual capital.

Dealing with Non-Performing Loans: Political Constraints and Financial Policies in China

2004 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 922-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Shih
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Political Survival ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Sector Reform ◽  
Political Constraints ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Economic Considerations

The stagnation in banking sector reform is puzzling given the Chinese leadership's seeming resolve to reform other sectors of the economy. This article develops a political explanation of why reform oriented central bureaucrats have centralized financial power without liberalizing the banking sector. The starting point of this explanation is that top bureaucrats value political survival as much as other members of the Politburo. Thus, they make policies based on both political and economic considerations. This framework is tested on three cases related to China's non-performing loan (NPL) problem: the politicization of the NPL problem, policies designed to slow the creation of NPLs and policies aimed at decreasing the pool of NPLs. The findings strongly suggest that political considerations play a large role in shaping financial policies in China.

Applying Game Mechanisms to Idea Competitions

2011 ◽  
pp. 144-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Birke ◽  
Maximilian Witt ◽  
Susanne Robra-Bissantz
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Creative Behavior ◽  
Motivational Effect ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Game Context

In these times of a collaborative Web, consumers actively participate in the creation, elaboration, and evaluation of new content. Portals like Wikipedia demonstrate how this collaborative and creative behavior can result in valuable outcome. Companies benefit, as well, from this active role of the consumer: Consumers generate, develop, and evaluate new ideas for products and services in idea competitions. A challenge of today’s idea competitions is that the recent “inflationary increase” partly results in a decrease of participation. The purpose of this study is to explore one possible approach to transfer the positive motivational effect of games to idea competitions. The transfer of playful elements from a game context to the model of open innovation is what we call “game-based open innovation.” Based on theoretical insights, analysis of 18 cases and three interviews, this study demonstrates the actual occurrence of game mechanisms and their effect on the motivation of participants.

scholarly journals Market Entry, Product Quality And Price Competition

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Mathur ◽  
Prem Prakash Dewani
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Entry ◽  
Incumbent Firm ◽  
Quality Choice

Abstract We study an entrant firm’s product quality choice and the price competition arising between the entrant and the incumbent firm. We show that the entrant firm should introduce a relatively higher (lower) quality than the incumbent firm when the consumers’ valuation for quality is sufficiently large (small). We also study how the incumbent firm modifies its price in response to the ensuing price competition. We find that the incumbent firm should decrease its price. We also profile how the incumbent firm’s price non-linearly depends on consumers’ valuation for quality.

scholarly journals Innovative Data Management in Advanced Characterization: Implications for Materials Design

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Romanos ◽  
Maritini Kalogerini ◽  
Elias P. Koumoulos ◽  
Athanasios Morozinis ◽  
Marco Sebastiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Advanced Characterization ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Database Construction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
The Creation

This paper describes a novel methodology of data management in materials characterisation, which has as starting point the creation and usage of Data Management Plan (DMP) for scientific data in the field of materials science and engineering, followed by the development and exploitation of ontologies for the harnessing of data created through experimental techniques. The case study that is discussed here is nanoindentation, a widely used method for the determination and/or modelling of mechanical properties on a small scale.The same methodology can be applicable to a large number of techniques that produce big amount of raw data, while at the same time it can be invaluable tool for big data analysis and for the creation of an open innovation environment, where data can be accessed freely and efficiently.Aspects covered include the taxonomy and curation of data, the creation of ontology and classification about characterization techniques, the harnessing of data in open innovation environments via database construction along with the retrieval of information via algorithms. The issues of harmonization and standardization of such novel approaches are also critically discussed.Finally, the possible implications for nanomaterial design and the potential industrial impact of the new approach are described and a critical outlook is given.

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