Ranking the Difficulty Level of the Knowledge Units Based on Learning Dependency

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Sha Sha ◽  
Qinghua Zheng ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Plane Geometry ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Knowledge Map ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

Assigning difficulty level indicators to the knowledge units helps the learners plan their learning activities more efficiently. This paper focuses on how to use the topology of a knowledge map to compute and rank the difficulty levels of knowledge units. Firstly, the authors present the hierarchical structure and properties of the knowledge map. Then they propose three hypotheses of factors influencing difficulty based on the correlation between the difficulty level of knowledge units and the learning dependency. Finally, the authors provide algorithms for ranking the knowledge units with objective and subjective difficulty scores. The experiment on the knowledge map of the “plane geometry” course shows that our algorithm can precisely calculate the difficulty level of knowledge units.

Relationships between hierarchical structure and properties in macromolecular systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 440-443
Author(s):  
E. Baer
Keyword(s):  
Uniaxial Tension ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Scale Level ◽  
Fibrous Protein ◽  
Macromolecular Systems

The most advanced macromolecular materials are found in plants and animals, and certainly the connective tissues in mammals are amongst the most advanced macromolecular composites known to mankind. The efficient use of collagen, a fibrous protein, in the design of both soft and hard connective tissues is worthy of comment. Very crudely, in bone collagen serves as a highly efficient binder for the inorganic hydroxyappatite which stiffens the structure. The interactions between the organic fiber of collagen and the inorganic material seem to occur at the nano (scale) level of organization. Epitatic crystallization of the inorganic phase on the fibers has been reported to give a highly anisotropic, stress responsive, structure. Soft connective tissues also have sophisticated oriented hierarchical structures. The collagen fibers are “glued” together by a highly hydrated gel-like proteoglycan matrix. One of the simplest structures of this type is tendon which functions primarily in uniaxial tension as a reinforced elastomeric cable between muscle and bone.

Parafia unicka w Rachaniach do 1811 roku/ The Uniate Parish in Rachanie until 1811

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Adam Frykowski
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Holy Communion ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ancillary Equipment

AbstractThe following paper depicts the history of Saint Simeon Stylites Uniate Parish in Rachanie since it became known in historical sources until 1811- that is the time it ceased to be an independent church unit. The introduction of the article contains the geographical location of the parish, its size and the position within the hierarchical structure of the Church. Having analysed post-visit inspection protocols left by Chelm Bishops, the appearance as well as fittings and ancillary equipment of the church in Rachanie in that particular period are reported. Moreover, the list of 4 local clergymen is recreated and their benefice is determined. As far as possible, both the number of worshipers and the number of Holy Communion receivers is determined.

Default Logic Models of Certain Inheritance Systems with Exceptions

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Serge Garlatti
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Nonmonotonic Reasoning ◽  
Default Logic ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge ◽  
Made In

Representation systems based on inheritance networks are founded on the hierarchical structure of knowledge. Such representation is composed of a set of objects and a set of is-a links between nodes. Objects are generally defined by means of a set of properties. An inheritance mechanism enables us to share properties across the hierarchy, called an inheritance graph. It is often difficult, even impossible to define classes by means of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions. For this reason, exceptions must be allowed and they induce nonmonotonic reasoning. Many researchers have used default logic to give them formal semantics and to define sound inferences. In this paper, we propose a survey of the different models of nonmonotonic inheritance systems by means of default logic. A comparison between default theories and inheritance mechanisms is made. In conclusion, the ability of default logic to take some inheritance mechanisms into account is discussed.

scholarly journals Stepwise collapse of a giant pore metal–organic framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (14) ◽  
pp. 5011-5022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam F. Sapnik ◽  
Duncan N. Johnstone ◽  
Sean M. Collins ◽  
Giorgio Divitini ◽  
Alice M. Bumstead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Pair Distribution Function ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Defect Engineering ◽  
Structural Collapse ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

Defect engineering is used to augment the porosity of MIL-100. Incorporation of defects leads to structural collapse and ultimately causes amorphisation. Pair distribution function analysis reveals a stepwise collapse of the hierarchical structure.

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