THE FEEDING HABITS OF YOUNG SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE

1944 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Atwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Northern United States

The spruce budworm Cacoecia fumiferana Clem. is a tortricid moth which periodically appears in vast numbers in the spruce-balsam forests of Canada and the northern United States. When these outbreaks occur, the balsam fir is often killed over areas totalling thousands of square miles. Therefore, this insect has conle to be regarded as one of the most serious enemies of pulpwood forests and has attracted a good deal of attention from forest entomologists.

Notes on larval instars and adult antennae of Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-748
Author(s):  
S.Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Physiological Study ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Neodiprion Abietis ◽  
Northern United States

The native balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), occurs throughout Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States of America (Rose et al. 1994; Drooz 1985). This sawfly was originally described as Lophyrus abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (Harris 1841), then transferred to the genus Diprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (MacGillivray 1916). Rohwer (1918) established the genus Neodiprion for Nearctic species of the genera Lophyrus and Diprion. Based on differences in size, color, and female genitalic characters between adults reared from the genera Abies, Picea, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga (Pinaceae), Ross (1955) considered N. abietis as a complex. After a thorough morphological and physiological study, Knerer and Atwood (1972) concluded that there were five strains of N. abietis in North America: one western and four eastern.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF AERIAL FOREST SPRAYING AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NEW BRUNSWICK: 1. TIMING OF OPERATIONS 1952-54

1955 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Area Coverage ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Aerial Surveys ◽  
Working Out

The aerial spraying operations in New Brunswick against the spruce budworm have involved large areas in which tree mortality was imminent. In working out practical methods of timing applications, consideration has been given to the protection of foliage as well as to the immediate reduction of budworm populations. Modifications in operational techniques to lower spraying costs and increase area coverage have necessitated earlier spraying and lighter dosages. Factors considered in the timing include severity of infestation and defoliation, probable amount of spraying weather available, phenological differences between areas, the feeding habits of the budworm, and the tendency of spray to drift. The assessment of development was accomplished mainly by ground studies at representative locations and extended to the area at large by aerial surveys of balsam fir shoot growth.An analysis is made of spraying effectiveness in relation to timing from field data collected for studying the immediate results. From this, estimates are given of the average number of days during which various levels of rated effectiveness are attainable.

scholarly journals Predicting balsam fir mortality in boreal stands affected by spruce budworm

2021 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 119408
Author(s):  
Djidjoho Julien Houndode ◽  
Cornelia Krause ◽  
Hubert Morin
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir

scholarly journals Why Arms Control?

Daedalus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Jon Brook Wolfsthal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Cold War

America survived the nuclear age through a complex combination of diplomatic and military decisions, and a good deal of luck. One of the tools that proved its value in both reducing the risks of nuclear use and setting rules for the ongoing nuclear competition were negotiated, legally binding, and verified arms control agreements. Such pacts between the United States and the Soviet Union arguably prevented the nuclear arms racing from getting worse and helped both sides climb off the Cold War nuclear precipice. Several important agreements remain in place between the United States and Russia, to the benefit of both states. Arms control is under threat, however, from domestic forces in the United States and from Russian actions that range from treaty violations to the broader weaponization of risk. But arms control can and should play a useful role in reducing the risk of nuclear war and forging a new agreement between Moscow and Washington on the new rules of the nuclear road.

The North American Species in Group VII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Hopping
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern United States

AbstractGroup VII of North American Ips contains I. thomasi, new species, I. borealis Swaine and I. swainei R. Hopping. They are less than 4.0 mm. long and females have the front of the head or at least the vertex smooth and shining, impunctate, or with very fine sparse punctures; males are more coarsely granulate-punctate on the frons. The species are described and a key is given. All breed in Picea in Canada and northern United States.

Weather and Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm in the Province of Quebec from 1939 to 1956

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Pilon ◽  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Tree Component ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Nearly all forest regions in the Province of Quebec where balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is an important tree component have been subjected to severe defoliation by the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during the past 20 years. These outbreaks have followed an easterly direction beginning near the Ontario-Quebec border in 1939 and ending in the Gaspé Peninsula in 1958.

The influence of hardwood content on balsam fir defoliation by spruce budworm

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiong Su ◽  
Ted D. Needham ◽  
David A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Working Hypothesis ◽  
Model Combining

Changing stand composition by increasing hardwood content has been suggested as a long-term method for reducing susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Twenty-five mixed balsam fir–hardwood stands were selected in northern New Brunswick, with five stands in each 20% hardwood class (0–20, 21–40%, etc.). Defoliation each year from 1989 to 1993 was significantly (p < 0.0001) related to hardwood content, with r2 ranging from 0.57 to 0.81. As hardwood content increased, defoliation of balsam fir decreased. From 1989 to 1992, the years of moderate to severe defoliation, balsam fir stands with <40% hardwoods sustained 58–71% defoliation, on average, versus 12–15% defoliation in stands with >80% hardwood. A generalized model combining hardwood content and the estimated defoliation in pure softwood stands in a given year explained 77% of the variation in defoliation over stands and years. This study indicated that mixed balsam fir–hardwood stand management, with hardwood content >40%, could substantially reduce losses during spruce budworm outbreaks. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism involved, but our working hypothesis is that greater hardwood content increased the diversity or populations of natural enemies such as birds and parasitoids.

The German Problem: 1945–1950

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Epstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
World War ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
German Question ◽  
The Future

Schwarz's study Vom Reich zur Bundesrepublik is, in the opinion of this reviewer, the single most important book on the occupation studyperiod in Germany after World War II that has yet appeared. It is not an ordinary narrative history—indeed, it presupposes a good deal of prior knowledge—but is rather a topical analysis of the following problems: the various possible solutions to the German question in the years after 1945; the policies toward Germany of the four victorious powers—Russia, France, Britain, and the United States; the development of German attitudes on the future political orientation of one or two Germanies; and finally, the factors that led to the voluntary acceptance of Western integration by most West Germans even though this integration meant the partition of Germany.

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