Carbon storage and energy production of Eucalyptus urophylla developed in dryland ecosystems at East Nusa Tenggara

The development of Eucalyptus urophylla in dryland ecosystems plays an important contribution to support climate change mitigation and renewable energy diversification. However, the information about the potential of E. urophylla for carbon reduction and energy production is rarely documented, even though it is necessary as fundamental considerations to determine the best strategy for sustainable natural resources management, primarily in dryland ecosystems. This study aimed to quantify the carbon storage and energy production of E. urophylla established in dryland ecosystems at East Nusa Tenggara. The study site is located in a eucalyptus plantation managed by Timor Tengah Selatan Forest Management Unit. Destructive sampling was conducted on 25 sample trees that were evenly distributed from small to big ones. The percentage of carbon content in every tree component, namely stem, branch, and foliage, was determined using elemental analysis, while the calorific value of each tree component was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter. Carbon storage in each component was calculated by multiplying biomass and the percentage of carbon content, while the energy production was computed by multiplying high heating value and biomass from every tree component. The results found the mean carbon storage of E. urophylla in the study site was 55.51 kg tree-1 with a minimum of 6.34 kg tree-1 and a maximum of 184.76 kg tree-1. The percentage of carbon content in the foliage was lower than other tree components by approximately 34.1%. Interestingly, the calorific value of foliage was relatively higher than stem and branch with around 5,252 kcal kg-1. The energy production of E. urophylla ranged from 252.6 to 7,813.3 MJ tree-1 with an average of 2,357.87 MJ tree-1. According to the results, this study concluded the development of E. urophylla in dryland ecosystems demonstrated a meaningful contribution to carbon absorption and energy production at East Nusa Tenggara.

Silvopastoral Systems and Costa Rica's Low Carbon Livestock Strategy: An Informed Opinion

The objective of this opinion is to reflect the role of silvopastoral systems (SPS) in Costa Rica's Low Carbon Livestock Strategy (EGBC, for its acronym in Spanish), and how these sustainable and extensive integrated livestock production function as a model, and how the woody component is integrated in the system, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gases favoring the mitigation of climate change. Applying relevance to the purpose, this revision refers to the integration of forestry activity in livestock production, as a viable alternative of its production system. Based on SPS criteria from which a tree component (natural or established) is associated with an herbaceous community (natural or improved pastures) and a farming component (livestock) in the same site, where biological interactions exist among components, and land use is maximized. This essay also clarifies how SPS are grouped striving to be fair-minded in evaluating the economic, productive, social, and environmental points of view, and the effects of the interaction among its components. Therefore, this analysis applies significance to the interpretation of the SPS relation among biology, society, and culture, and its role in Costa Rica's Low Carbon Livestock Strategy. El objetivo de este dictamen es reflejar el papel de los sistemas silvopastoriles (SPS) en la Estrategia de Ganadería Baja en Carbono (EGBC) de Costa Rica, y cómo funcionan como modelo estas producciones ganaderas integradas, sostenibles y extensivas, y cómo se integra el componente leñoso en el sistema, contribuyendo a la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero favoreciendo la mitigación del cambio climático. Aplicando la relevancia al propósito, esta revisión se refiere a la integración de la actividad forestal en la producción ganadera, como una alternativa viable de su sistema de producción. Con base en los criterios de SPS a partir de los cuales se asocia un componente arbóreo (natural o establecido) con una comunidad herbácea (pastos naturales o mejorados) y un componente agrícola (ganadería) en un mismo sitio, donde existen interacciones biológicas entre los componentes, y se maximiza el uso de la tierra. Este ensayo también aclara cómo se agrupan los SPS tratando de ser justos en la evaluación de los puntos de vista económico, productivo, social y ambiental, y los efectos de la interacción entre sus componentes. Por lo tanto, este análisis aplica la importancia de la interpretación de la relación de los SPS entre la biología, la sociedad y la cultura, y su papel en la Estrategia de Ganadería Baja en Carbono de Costa Rica.

Silvopastoral Systems and Costa Rica's Low Carbon Livestock Strategy: An Informed Opinion

The objective of this opinion is to reflect the role of silvopastoral systems (SPS) in Costa Rica's Low Carbon Livestock Strategy (EGBC, for its acronym in Spanish), and how these sustainable and extensive integrated livestock production models, in which the woody component is integrated in the system, contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases favoring the mitigation of climate change. For such purpose, this revision refers to the integration of the forestry activity in livestock production, as a viable alternative of production system (Guerrero et al., 2019). Based on the criterion that SPS are agroecosystems in which a tree component (natural or established) is associated with a herbaceous community (natural or improved pastures) and a farming component (livestock) in the same site, where biological interactions exist among components, and land use is maximized. This essay also describes how SPS are grouped; their opportunities from the economic, productive, social, and environmental points of view; and the effects of the interaction among its components. This analysis allows to state that SPSs are a product of the relation among biology, society, and culture, and in them there is a large diversity; likewise, they allow the reconversion of the very little productive extensive livestock production into more productive and sustainable systems, as well as the rehabilitation of the areas degraded by this type of livestock production, deforestation, and soil depletion (Ibrahim & Peso, 2012; Iglesias et al, 2011, ). El objetivo de este dictamen es reflejar el papel de los sistemas silvopastoriles (SPS) en la Estrategia Ganadera Baja en Carbono (EGBC) de Costa Rica, y cómo estos modelos de producción ganadera integrada, sostenible y extensiva, en los que el componente leñoso está integrado en el sistema, contribuyen a la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero favoreciendo la mitigación del cambio climático. Para ello, esta revisión se refiere a la integración de la actividad forestal en la producción ganadera, como una alternativa viable de sistema de producción (Guerrero et al., 2019). Con base en el criterio de que los SPS son agroecosistemas en los que se asocia un componente arbóreo (natural o establecido) con una comunidad herbácea (pastos naturales o mejorados) y un componente agrícola (ganadero) en un mismo sitio, donde existen interacciones biológicas entre los componentes, y se maximiza el uso del suelo. Este ensayo también describe cómo se agrupan los SPS; sus oportunidades desde el punto de vista económico, productivo, social y ambiental; y los efectos de la interacción entre sus componentes. Este análisis permite afirmar que los SPS son producto de la relación entre la biología, la sociedad y la cultura, y en ellos existe una gran diversidad; asimismo, permiten la reconversión de la muy poco productiva ganadería extensiva en sistemas más productivos y sostenibles, así como la rehabilitación de las áreas degradadas por este tipo de ganadería, la deforestación y el agotamiento del suelo (Ibrahim & Peso, 2012; Iglesias et al, 2011, ).

Comparison of individual tree aboveground biomass estimation in community forests using allometric equation and expansion factor in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia

Setiahadi R. 2021. Comparison of individual tree aboveground biomass estimation in community forests using allometric equation and expansion factor in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3899-3909. The use of allometric equation and biomass expansion factor can facilitate more efficient tree biomass estimation. This study evaluates the accuracy of the allometric equation and expansion factor for quantifying the individual tree aboveground biomass in community forest tree species. Destructive sampling n on 120 trees from four different species: Falcataria moluccana, Melia azedarach, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tectona grandis. For each tree sample, aboveground biomass measured at every tree component, i.e., stem, branches, and leaves. The allometric equation developed using regression analysis with several predictor variables, such as diameter at breast height (D), squared diameter at breast height combined with tree height (D2H), and D and H separately. On another side, the biomass expansion factor was calculated based on the total aboveground biomass and stem biomass ratio. The results found the highest mean aboveground biomass for all species are M. azedarach (326.36±88.40 kg tree-1), S. macrophylla (244.47±98.73 kg tree-1), T. grandis (173.31±80.97 kg tree-1), and F. moluccana (56.56±23.10 kg tree-1). The most significant average biomass expansion factor observed in M. azedarach (1.78±0.03), adhered by T. grandis (1.66±0.09), S. macrophylla (1.61±0.04), and F. moluccana (1.59±0.06). The equation ln? = lna + b x ln (D) was best for estimating aboveground biomass in each tree component and a total of four species with an accuracy of more than 90%.

Analysis of tree biomass, net sequestered carbon and bioenergy potency in dry forest ecosystem, Indonesia

This study examines the potential to tree component biomass, biomass for bioenergy product and sequester carbon of forest area. CO2FIX program was used to determine about these value. In order to know about these values, we used CO2FIX program. Thinning harvesting scenarios were analysed, involving the establishment of short rotation harvesting (each 10 years) and long rotation plantations (200 year). As a result, an overall tree biomass components (stem, foliage, branch and root) were respectively recorded as follow: 2.49 ton/ha±0.67, 0.14 ton/ha±0.03, 0.35 ton/ha±0.09 and 0.65 ton/ha±0.18. The potential of biomass for bioenergy product and sequester carbon was increase until the end of project simulation. The increase average biomass of bioenergy was 25.96 Mg/ha±13.46 and the average of net sequestered carbon increase about 16.6±35.9 MgCO2equiv/ha. Our analysis on this study for all research variables is highest at each 40 years period because at this age, the rate of increment in the biomass of the tree is maximized.

Analysis of the tree component and its contribution to ecosystem services in the city of Turrialba, Costa Rica

El análisis y gestión de ecosistemas urbanos es crucial para construir resiliencia en ciudades y avanzar hacia su sostenibilidad. Uno de los componentes fundamentales de estos ecosistemas son los bosques urbanos. Para determinar los aportes y efectos de los árboles en ciudades se analizó una muestra del casco urbano de la ciudad de Turrialba en la zona central de Costa Rica, a través del modelo iTree Eco, que permite valorar los principales servicios ecosistémicos que proveen los árboles en las ciudades. Aunque en este estudio no fue posible cuantificar todos los servicios ecosistémicos que incluye el modelo, se logró analizar los elementos y contexto estructural de la zona de estudio, y el valor de los servicios ecosistémicos de secuestro y almacenamiento de carbono, así como el valor estructural de los árboles. Anualmente, en la zona estudiada, con 18 especies de árboles identificadas, se generan más de 60 000 USD solamente derivados de estos tres servicios ecosistémicos. De las especies identificadas la Zygia longifolia, se destacó por mayor abundancia y área foliar, Erythrina poeppigiana en altura y mayor almacenamiento de carbono, Mangifera indica en mayor secuestro de carbono y producción de oxígeno y Veitchia sp con el mayor valor estructural. Asimismo, se evidenció que, mantener las franjas ribereñas del río Turrialba y sus tributarios, en su paso por el casco urbano de esta ciudad, aporta la mayor cantidad de servicios ecosistémicos derivados de los árboles que todavía alberga y donde existe aún un importante potencial de incluir nuevas plantaciones.

Removal of nutrients due to biomass harvest of Eucalyptus urograndis in different soils: macronutrients

Intensive management of forest stands can increase biomass production, as well as increase the removal of nutrients from the site. This study therefore sought to simulate different harvest intensities and to calculate the nutrient-use efficiency of Eucalyptus urograndis in different types of soil. The study was carried out in a plantation of seven-year-old hybrid E. urograndis in the city of Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brazil. The study site included two sub areas with sandy soil and clayey soil (Cambisols Inceptisol and Ferralsols Oxisols, respectively). Using biomass and nutrients stock data, nutrient removal was simulated under five different harvest scenarios. Nutrient-use efficiency was obtained from the relation between the amount of biomass and nutrients of each tree component. Harvesting the whole tree resulted in the removal of approximately 61% of the nutrients from the site in sandy soil, while in clayey soil 57% of the nutrients were removed. With harvesting of only the commercial stemwood, only 22% of the nutrients were removed from the sandy soil, and 21% from the clayey soil. Stemwood was the component that had the highest nutrient-use efficiency values for all the analyzed nutrients. In conclusion, to achieve nutritional sustainability of E. urograndis stands, the best harvesting system involves the removal of only commercial stemwood. For the production of stemwood, sandy soils have a greater biological efficiency of calcium and magnesium when compared to clayey soil.

Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond).

T. catappa is a hardy, fast-growing, deciduous multipurpose tree, reaching 25 (-40) m tall and producing an edible fruit. It plays a vital role in coastline stabilization as a tree component of strandline plant communities in the western Indian Ocean, South-East Asia and the South Pacific. Under suitable conditions it is a well-formed tree and has been widely planted throughout the tropics for shade, ornament and nuts, especially along sandy seashores (Heinsleigh and Holaway, 1988; Little and Skolmen, 1989). It is much used in agroforestry systems in the Philippines.

Diferentes distúrbios antrópicos na paisagem podem influenciar padrões florísticos e estruturais da Mata Atlântica?

This study aimed to describe and compare the floristic and structural component of the tree component, as well as the alpha and beta diversity, as well as the floristic similarity of a remnant of Semideciduous Forest. The tree vegetation was sampled at two edges in contact with pasture (BP) and coffee growing (BC), and inside the fragment (INT). 2.840 individuals were sampled, identified in 56 families, 144 genera and 271 species (94 BC, 128 BP and 178 INT). The border stretches were characterized by higher density and smaller basal area than the interior, indicating the occurrence of disturbances. The variations in the structural floristic composition of the tree communities wereinfluenced by regional and local environmental variations, as well as the historical use of the area, according to Niche and Intermediate Disturbance Theories.