Differences in the Pupae of Feralia comstocki Grt. and F. jocosa (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
D. A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Made In

Difficulties experienced in rearing Feralia spp. beyond the pupal stage, and inability to distinguish species in the immature forms, has led to a study of their larvae and pupae. So far no specific differences have been observed in the larvae but progress has been made in the identification of Feralia in the pupal stage.

SURVIVAL OF PUPAE OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND TWO OF ITS PARASITES IN UNTILLED AND TILLED SOIL

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Turnock ◽  
R.J. Bilodeau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Overwintering Mortality ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Athrycia Cinerea

AbstractThe survival of Mamestra configurata Wlk. was determined from autumn and spring samples in 1973/74, 1980/81, and 1981/82 taken from unfilled and tilled portions of 12 fields of canola (Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L.). Survival from the pre-pupal stage in the autumn to post-diapause pupae in the spring varied from 2.9 to 56.5% in unfilled soil and from 0 to 25.4% in tilled soil. In untilled soil, the variations among fields in total mortality of M. configurata were related to parasitism by Banchus flavescens and to overwintering mortality. In tilled soil, overwintering mortality accounted for most of the variability in total mortality among fields. The percentage of mortality from injury to pupae, and their disappearance following tillage, greatly increased but this type of mortality did not account for much of the variability in total mortality. The disappearance of pupae following tillage was attributed to predation. In both untilled and tilled soils, the amount of overwintering mortality was related to the depth of accumulated snow, and mortality was lower in untilled soil because the stubble trapped more snow. The survival of M. configurata was not related to soil type, the type of tillage equipment, or the frequency of tillage. The number of adults emerging from untilled and tilled soil in one field were 2.58 and 0.27/m2 for M. configurata, 5.22 and 2.85/m2 for the parasite B. flavescens, and 4.46 and 3.60/m2 for the parasite Athrycia cinerea, indicating that the survival of the parasites was less affected by tillage than that of their host.Tillage may reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks of M. configurata not only by increasing mortality but also by differentially affecting the survival of its main parasites.

Investigations for the biological control in Fiji of the coconut stick-insect Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou)

1968 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Paine
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Sago Palm ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Made In

The stick-insect Graeffea crouanii (Le Guillou) is a pest of coconuts of local and sporadic importance in the south Pacific and there have been recent outbreaks on Taveuni Island, in the Fiji group. As there appear to be virtually no parasites of the nymphal stages, a preliminary search was made in 1960 for parasites of other palm-feeding Phasmatids in Melanesia. This revealed the presence of Tachinidae parasitising species of the genera Ophicrania and Megacrania, and in 1963–64 these were studied in the Solomon Islands. The Tachinidae comprise at least two species of Mycteromyiella: M. laetifica (Mesnil) attacking both O. leveri Günth. and a species of Megacrania in the western Solomons, and M. phasmatophaga Crosskey attacking 0. leveri and some other Phasmatid hosts on Guadalcanal. The early stages of both species of Mycteromyiella are briefly described and compared, with notes on their bionomics. There was no evidence of any egg parasite attacking Ophicrania in the Solomons.O. leveri, which is very closely related to G. crouanii, has never caused significant damage to coconuts in the Solomon Islands, except on the small island of Savo, from which its Tachinid parasites appear to be absent. It is concluded that Mycteromyiella, especially M. laetifica, which appears to be fairly specific, may be an important factor in the control of O. leveri in the Solomons.The principal hosts of O. leveri are the sago palm (Metroxylon salomonense) and species of arecoid palms in the forest, on all of which the insect has better scope for concealment than on coconuts. Collections of nearly 6,000 examples of O. leveri from sago palm on Kolombangara island, in the western Solomons, in August 1963-February 1964 showed an average parasitism by Mycteromyiella laetifica of 28 per cent. Eggs of the Tachinid are laid on nymphs of all instars as well as on adults. The host-survival rate was about 30 per cent, for nymphs and 50 per cent, for adults.A small number of parasitised specimens of O. leveri from Kolombangara were released on Savo, but there was no evidence six months later that M. laetifica had become established there.Breeding trials at Honiara showed that O. leveri could be reared successfully in captivity but not M. laetifica, which shows reluctance to mate in cages and has a narrow range of environmental tolerance in the pupal stage, in which a mortality of at least 70 per cent, seems unavoidable under the conditions practicable for transportation of this stage by air.Between October 1963 and March 1964 nearly 960 puparia of M. laetifica were sent to Fiji. About half of them were used for breeding trials, which showed that the Tachinid could be reared through G. crouanii in captivity but could not be maintained. The rest were released on Taveuni, but a further outbreak of G. crouanii during 1965 yielded no evidence that M. laetifica had become established.Material of M. phasmatophaga, which has a more restricted choice of environment than M. laetifica, but also a somewhat greater potentiality for killing its host, was obtained by exposing O. leveri on seedling coconut palms planted in the forest at Honiara. Quantities were insufficient for transmission to Fiji; 150 parasitised hosts were released on Savo but samples of O. leveri collected there six months later gave no indication of its establishment.Despite this initial failure, it is considered that Mycteromyiella could bring about the control of G. crouanii in Fiji and other affected Pacific islands, and the means by which this might be achieved are discussed.

Development, survivorship and reproduction of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under fluctuating temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
George K. Mironidis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Developmental Thresholds ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to assess the effect of temperature on the survival, development, longevity and fecundity of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at eight different fluctuating temperatures with an amplitude ±9 °C under constant photoperiodic conditions of 16:8 h (L:D). H. armigera achieved complete development from egg to adult emergence between mean 17.5 and 32.5 °C. At mean 35 °C, all newly hatched larvae died and at mean 15 °C entered diapause at pupal stage. The lower developmental thresholds of the immature stages were estimated by a linear model and ranged from 4.63 °C (pupal stage) to 7.69 °C (egg stage). The developmental thresholds estimated by a nonlinear model were slightly higher than those estimated by the linear model. Adult longevity and fecundity were reduced at mean fluctuating temperatures 17.5 and 32.5 °C, but tended to be independent of the pattern of temperature change at moderate temperatures. The maximum reproductive performance, 1130 eggs per female, was observed at mean 25 °C. The intrinsic rates of increase were positive, meaning that H. armigera could be expected to persist or increase in number between mean 17.5 and 32.5 °C, with the maximum value at mean 27.5 °C. H. armigera survives, develops and reproduces within a wide range of fluctuating temperatures, while it completes the above functions with different levels of success at different mean temperatures of diurnal variation. Comparison of our results with similar data from the literature involving constant conditions is discussed. This information will provide a better understanding of H. armigera phenology and population dynamics under natural conditions and is essential to understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences of climate change on this important species.

Laboratory Adaptation and Inbreeding in Helicoverpa-Punctigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Cacoyianni ◽  
IV Kovacs ◽  
AA Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Laboratory Adaptation ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Inbreeding in the noctuid moth Helicoverpa punctigera was examined by crossing moths within and between families set up from field-collected females. There were large inbreeding effects for larval viability, and smaller effects for adult size and larval/pupal developmental time. Size and developmental time were compared in two recently collected strains from Western Australia and Victoria, and in two strains from these locations held in the laboratory for eight or 12 generations. In both laboratory-adapted strains, the length of a hindwing vein was reduced and the time spent at the pupal stage was extended. There were also changes in pupal weight but these were inconsistent. Means of F1s from crosses between the strains were intermediate for hindwing length and pupal weight, while F1 means for pupal developmental time were similar to those of recently collected strains. This suggests that some changes in established stocks were due to laboratory adaptation rather than inbreeding. A comparison of lines held for one or four generations in the laboratory indicated changes in hindwing length and pupal developmental time in the same direction as those observed in crosses between established and new laboratory stocks.

Mating and Oviposition of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the Laboratory

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 994-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Bursa Copulatrix ◽  
Flight Mill ◽  
Early Evening ◽  
Multiple Matings ◽  
Honey Solution ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractIn the laboratory 90.7% of both sexes of moths of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, emerged from pupae between noon and midnight; almost half emerged between 2 and 4 p.m. Mating, evidenced by spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix, occurred almost always at night, within 3 days of emergence, and at temperatures between 5 and 35 °C. Most females mated only once. Multiple matings, with a maximum of 3 times, occurred in less than 20% of females. Males mated with a maximum of three females. Eggs developed during the pupal stage and were ready for fertilization when the moths emerged. Oviposition began on the first or second day after mating, peaked soon after, and continued until just prior to death of females. Maximum oviposition by one female was 564 eggs, with means from 90 to 342. Oviposition occurred at all temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. with an optimum between 10 and 25 °C. More eggs were laid in the dark or in subdued light than in continuous bright light. Females when unfed could oviposit but when fed water or sugar solutions they laid more eggs. Longevity varied directly with feeding and inversely with temperature. Mean longevity of moths fed honey solution in the laboratory was 12 days for both sexes. A diurnal rhythm of oviposition occurred with distinct peaks; 80% or more of the eggs were laid between noon and early evening. Rhythm of oviposition was apparently initiated by light and could be reversed by reciprocal light regimens but was maintained in continuous dark or light. The maximum distance flown on a flight mill was 14.7 miles for males and 3.5 miles for females. Speed varied from less than 1 to almost 3 m.p.h.

Observations on Carcelia evolans (Wied.) (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasite of Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), in Northern Nigeria

1961 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Reed ◽  
M. A. Choyce
Keyword(s):  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Parasite Larva ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Made In

SummaryCarcelia evolans (Wied.) is a common parasite of Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) in Northern Nigeria. The egg and early larval stages have not been observed, but the latter are thought to be passed in the larva of the host. The fully grown parasite larva appears to leave its host after the latter has entered the soil and formed its pupal cell, and either immediately before, or after, the host pupates. The parasite puparium is thus formed inside the pupal cell of D. watersi, but outside the host. Before forming its puparium, the parasite larva excavates a pit in the wall of the cell, thus facilitating the subsequent exit of the adult fly, which can push through the weakened cell at this point.The life-cycle of C. evolans is closely adapted to that of its host, with short-term generations during the cotton season alternating with a long-term, or diapause, generation during the dry season. It is believed that C. evolans goes into diapause as a minute first-stage larva, but the factors that induce diapause are unknown.The short-term pupal period of C. evolans (12–14 days) was less variable than that of D. watersi (11–31 days) at 27±5°C. In dry conditions, inside and outside the laboratory, the mean duration of diapause for C. euolans (27·3–38·8 weeks) was longer than that of D. watersi (22·9–36·2 weeks). In pupation troughs, approximating to field conditions, the mean duration of diapause in D. watersi (43·2 weeks) was greater than that of its parasite (36·1 weeks). The spreadover of emergence of the parasite from pupation troughs was more regular than that of moths, with no peak in October.Earlier estimates of the incidence of parasitism at Samaru are probably inaccurate because adult flies have now been shown to be capable of escaping through the apertures of the perforated zinc of the cages then in use. Estimates of the rate of parasitism, made in southern Katsina, showed that 23·1 per cent, of pupal cells obtained at Daudawa between 13th November and 24th December 1959 from cotton that had earlier been treated with insecticidal sprays were parasitised, compared with 30·7 per cent. of those obtained in the same period from unsprayed cotton four miles away. The rate of parasitism was particularly low (16 per cent.) amongst the larvae collected at Daudawa in November, due possibly to the insecticide applications that had been made earlier in the season.These results imply that the parasite is easier to kill than its host, and an increasing use of insecticides on cotton in Northern Nigeria may therefore adversely affect the degree of control achieved by the parasite.

Dispersal of 32P-treated larvae of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera mauritia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 985
Author(s):  
B Persson
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Made In

32P-tagged fifth-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fab.) and fourth-instar larvae of Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd.) were released in experimental plots, 10 by 10 m, of clover and grass respectively and traced once a day and once a night for 2 weeks by means of a Geiger counter. The clover had a patchy distribution and was mixed with grass. The dispersal pattern was not random. In the plot with S. mauritia more radiation readings were obtained in the upwind sectors. In the plots withS. litura the majority of the contacts were made in the clover, few in the grass. The results indicate that in both species the direction of the wind may have had an influence on dispersal.

Observations on Toxorhynchites brevipalpis conradti Grünb. (Diptera, Culicidae) in Uganda

1963 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Corbet
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Tree Hole ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Tree Holes ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Made In

Observations made in Uganda on eight individuals of the mosquito Toxorhynchites brevipalpis conradti Grünb. reared in captivity from egg to adult are recorded. Larvae of this species are predatory and coexist in tree holes with those of mosquitos of medical importance.The identification of larvae and pupae is discussed, and information provided on the following subjects: the amount of food (living larvae of Aedcs acgypti (L.)) needed for larvae to complete development; the feeding and killing behaviour of fourth-instar larvae; duration of the pupal stage; and the rate of autogenous ovarian development in the unfed female adult.The compulsive killing behaviour shown by a fourth-instar larva about two days before it pupates could be expected to cause the death of all the other mosquito larvae in a tree hole of average size. This species is unusual among mosquitos in that pupae of females developed more rapidly than those of males.

OBSERVATIONS ON MERICIA AMPELUS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), AN OCCASIONAL PARASITE OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN WESTERN CANADA

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Insect Parasite ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Bertha Armyworm ◽  
Made In

Mericia ampelus (Wlk.) was one of seven species of insect parasite reared from larvae of bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., that were collected in August 1972. At that time large populations of the host species were damaging plants of rape, Brassica spp., in numerous localities in western Canada (Wylie and Bucher 1977). As M. ampelus had not been reared before from M. configurata, studies were made in 1973–75 to determine the parasite's distribution and abundance, to obtain information on its biology and behaviour, and to assess its impact on populations of M. configurata.

Studies on the Behavior and Development of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), a Predator of the Western Pine Beetle

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Enoclerus Lecontei ◽  
Remaining Time ◽  
Made In

AbstractObservations on the life cycle and habits of Enoclerus lecontei were made in the laboratory and field. The eggs passed through distinctive color changes during their development; these color changes were used to determine their age. The three larval instars were separated on the basis of head capsule width. Larval size varied according to the amount of food consumed. All larvae were orange-red in color, except the third instar which altered to purple 4 to 6 days after moulting. The duration of the respective stadia were first, 8 to 15 days; second, 5 to 8 days; third, 19 to 35 days. At least one mature prey-larva was necessary for development in each instar but up to seven were consumed. The third instar fed for only 4 to 11 days, the remaining time was spent in a highly mobile, non-feeding stage. The pupal stage lasted 9 to 11 days. Adults lived 36 to 114 days and consumed from 44 to 158 bark beetle adults. The sex ratio was 1:1. The mating habits, oviposition behavior and feeding behavior are described.

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