Recoveries of Introduced Species of Parasites of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in Nova Scotia

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 595-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Made In

Five species of parasites reared from European material were released at Oak Hill, near Bridgewater, Nova Scotia from 1954 to 1956 as biotic agents against the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) which had been established in Nova Scotia since before 1950. Recovery collections were made annually from 1955 to 1957. This work is still in progress, and in 1957 releases were made in four additional localities. Results of establishment of parasites from releases from 1954 to 1956 are reported below.

A Larval Population Technique for the Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata (Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae))

1954 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Morris ◽  
W. A. Reeks
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Fall Cankerworm ◽  
South Shore

The winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.), was not known to occur in North America until 1949, when it was first reported from the south shore of Nova Scotia by Hawholdt and Cuming (2) and Smith (4). By that time this introduced species was well established. It is suspected that the winter moth in association with the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), has been causing considerable defoliation of deciduous tree species in the region since the early 1930's (2). The habits and stages of the winter moth have been described briefly by Smith (S), who also has indicated the important differences between the winter moth and the fall cankerworm (4).

Observations on the Spread of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera), an Introduced Parasite of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), (Geometridae: Lepidoptera), in Nova Scotia

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 862-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Embree
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Larval Stages

Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) has been introduced into Nova Scotia as a control measure against the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). The parasite attacks the late larval stages of the winter moth, pupates within the host in the ground, and emerges in the spring. The first liberations were made at Oak Hill near Bridgewater and the dates of releases as well as the numbers released were reported by Graham (1958) as follows: 1954, 31; 1955, 1008; 1956, 1005; 1957, 250. Graham made recoveries of C. albicans from rearings of larvae collected at Oak Hill in 1956 and 1957 and found that parasitism was less than two per cent both years. While liberations have been made at other locations in the Province since 1957, no further releases have been made at or near Oak Hill.

STATUS OF THE PARASITE AGRYPON FLAVEOLATUM (GRAVENHORST) (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE), INTRODUCED TO CONTROL THE WINTER MOTH IN NOVA SCOTIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Barron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractAgrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), introduced from Europe to control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), on apple and oak in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, was distinguished from the closely related native species, A. provancheri (Dalla Torre) and A. alaskensis (Ashmead). A detailed study of the three species revealed that they could be distinguished by specific morphological characters and by results of morphometric analyses of intra- and inter-specific variation of number of annuli of the antennal flagellum. The history of introductions of both the host and parasite is reviewed, including an account of host–parasite interactions. All of the characters defining species entities were found to be correlated with differences in host insect, host plant, and distribution.

POPULATION STUDIES ON THE WINTER MOTH OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MacPhee ◽  
A. Newton ◽  
K.B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Introduced Pest ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Natural Dispersal

AbstractThe winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) is a serious introduced pest of apple trees in Nova Scotia. It spread westward through orchards of the Annapolis Valley in the 1950’s and to other deciduous trees throughout Nova Scotia later. The parasites Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Grav.) were liberated during 1961 in Nova Scotia and gradually spread throughout the winter moth population. Population dynamics studies were conducted in insecticide-free orchards and corroborated with observations in neglected unsprayed apple trees over a wide area. The winter moth population reached a balanced level in unsprayed orchards at varying densities below the limits of its food supply, but well above an acceptable level for commercial apple production. In young orchards, where trees cover a small percentage of the ground, natural dispersal of larvae appeared to be a suppressing factor. In mature orchards mortality was density dependent during the prepupal to adult stage; mortality was partly due to parasitism and predation but also to other factors.

The Role of Introduced Parasites in the Control of the Winter Moth in Nova Scotia

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Embree
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulatory Properties

AbstractThe history of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), a geometrid introduced into Nova Scotia, is reviewed and an assessment is made of two introduced parasites: a tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen), and an ichneumonid, Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst). Functional response curves of both species are discussed, particularly the atypical S-shaped curve of C. albicans, which demonstrates regulatory properties. Biological control efforts to date have been successful but a virus that appeared in winter moth populations may change initial relationships between the introduced parasites and the host.

The Distribution, Life History, and Economic Importance of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Nova Scotia

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Cuming
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Fall Cankerworm ◽  
South Shore

In the early 1930's defoliation of red oak, Quercus rubra L., white elm, Ulmus americana L., apple, Malus spp., and other deciduous trees in the South Shore region of Nova Scotia was attributed to the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the spring cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck). The identity of the latter was questioned when adults occurred in the fall. These adults were sutbsequently identified as Operophtera brumata (L.), the winter moth (Hawboldt and Cuming, 1950; Smith, 1950).

THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), A NEW PEST ATTACKING APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA, AND ITS COLDHARDINESS

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selective Chemical

AbstractThe winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), a recent introduction to North America, is a serious pest of apple in Nova Scotia. Natural controls, mainly the parasite Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), reduce its rate of increase, and selective chemical controls are applied to maintain economic levels. Its maximum density is limited by its food supply in neglected orchards. The mean freezing point of O. brumata winter eggs is −31°F. Egg mortality increases appreciably with increase of duration of exposure to low temperatures in the −26°F to −34°F vulnerable range. It seems probable that winter moth will continue to spread slowly over much of Eastern North America.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XV. Chemical Controls for Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and Their Effects on Phytophagous Mite and Predator Populations

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Lead Arsenate ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Low Dosage

AbstractIn the apple orchards of Nova Scotia DDT, azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). DDT, even at a low dosage, is detrimental to predators but not to the phytophagous mites Bryobia arborea M. & A. and Panonychus ulmi (Koch); azinphos-methyl is toxic to B. arborea but not to P. ulmi; lead arsenate is of low toxicity to both the phytophagous mites and predators but effective in control of the winter moth when applied against the maturing larvae.

scholarly journals Forest defoliator pests alter carbon and nitrogen cycles

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne l-M-Arnold ◽  
Maren Grüning ◽  
Judy Simon ◽  
Annett-Barbara Reinhardt ◽  
Norbert Lamersdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
C And N

Climate change may foster pest epidemics in forests, and thereby the fluxes of elements that are indicators of ecosystem functioning. We examined compounds of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in insect faeces, leaf litter, throughfall and analysed the soils of deciduous oak forests ( Quercus petraea  L.) that were heavily infested by the leaf herbivores winter moth ( Operophtera brumata  L.) and mottled umber ( Erannis defoliaria  L.). In infested forests, total net canopy-to-soil fluxes of C and N deriving from insect faeces, leaf litter and throughfall were 30- and 18-fold higher compared with uninfested oak forests, with 4333 kg C ha −1 and 319 kg N ha −1 , respectively, during a pest outbreak over 3 years. In infested forests, C and N levels in soil solutions were enhanced and C/N ratios in humus layers were reduced indicating an extended canopy-to-soil element pathway compared with the non-infested forests. In a microcosm incubation experiment, soil treatments with insect faeces showed 16-fold higher fluxes of carbon dioxide and 10-fold higher fluxes of dissolved organic carbon compared with soil treatments without added insect faeces (control). Thus, the deposition of high rates of nitrogen and rapidly decomposable carbon compounds in the course of forest pest epidemics appears to stimulate soil microbial activity (i.e. heterotrophic respiration), and therefore, may represent an important mechanism by which climate change can initiate a carbon cycle feedback.

A Note on the Association of Fall Cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria (Harr.)) with Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata (Linn.)) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 538-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
The Third ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Fall Cankerworm

The fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linn.), both feed to a great extent on the same tree species and prefer apple, Malus spp., red oak, Quercus rubra L., basswood, Tilia spp., white elm, Ulmus americana L., and Norway maple, Acer platanoides L. They also have similar life-histories and habits (Smith 1950 and 1953). Both lay their eggs on the trees in the fall and overwinter in this stage. The eggs hatch about the same time and the larvae of (both species mature about the third week in June. They drop to the ground and form cocoons at a depth of about an inch. The adults emerge about the same time, commencing usually during the last week in October and continuing until early December or until the ground freezes.

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