The Role of Introduced Parasites in the Control of the Winter Moth in Nova Scotia

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Embree
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulatory Properties

AbstractThe history of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), a geometrid introduced into Nova Scotia, is reviewed and an assessment is made of two introduced parasites: a tachinid, Cyzenis albicans (Fallen), and an ichneumonid, Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst). Functional response curves of both species are discussed, particularly the atypical S-shaped curve of C. albicans, which demonstrates regulatory properties. Biological control efforts to date have been successful but a virus that appeared in winter moth populations may change initial relationships between the introduced parasites and the host.

STATUS OF THE PARASITE AGRYPON FLAVEOLATUM (GRAVENHORST) (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE), INTRODUCED TO CONTROL THE WINTER MOTH IN NOVA SCOTIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Barron
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractAgrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst), introduced from Europe to control the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), on apple and oak in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, was distinguished from the closely related native species, A. provancheri (Dalla Torre) and A. alaskensis (Ashmead). A detailed study of the three species revealed that they could be distinguished by specific morphological characters and by results of morphometric analyses of intra- and inter-specific variation of number of annuli of the antennal flagellum. The history of introductions of both the host and parasite is reviewed, including an account of host–parasite interactions. All of the characters defining species entities were found to be correlated with differences in host insect, host plant, and distribution.

Observations on the Spread of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera), an Introduced Parasite of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), (Geometridae: Lepidoptera), in Nova Scotia

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 862-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Embree
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Larval Stages

Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) has been introduced into Nova Scotia as a control measure against the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). The parasite attacks the late larval stages of the winter moth, pupates within the host in the ground, and emerges in the spring. The first liberations were made at Oak Hill near Bridgewater and the dates of releases as well as the numbers released were reported by Graham (1958) as follows: 1954, 31; 1955, 1008; 1956, 1005; 1957, 250. Graham made recoveries of C. albicans from rearings of larvae collected at Oak Hill in 1956 and 1957 and found that parasitism was less than two per cent both years. While liberations have been made at other locations in the Province since 1957, no further releases have been made at or near Oak Hill.

Recoveries of Introduced Species of Parasites of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in Nova Scotia

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 595-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Made In

Five species of parasites reared from European material were released at Oak Hill, near Bridgewater, Nova Scotia from 1954 to 1956 as biotic agents against the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) which had been established in Nova Scotia since before 1950. Recovery collections were made annually from 1955 to 1957. This work is still in progress, and in 1957 releases were made in four additional localities. Results of establishment of parasites from releases from 1954 to 1956 are reported below.

scholarly journals Taking a Stand: Exploring the Role of the Scientists prior to the First Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, 1957

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Sylvia Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Nuclear Testing ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Public Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Willingness To Use

In 1957, a small group of world-renown scientists gathered in Pugwash, Nova Scotia to discuss the growing threat of nuclear arms. Funded by industrialist Cyrus Eaton and spearheaded by philosopher Bertrand Russell and physicist Joseph Rotblat, this 1957 meeting founded an organization of scientists that believed they had a duty to speak out against escalating nuclear testing and what they saw as the irresponsible use of science. However, not every scientist felt that it was appropriate to take a public and political stand. This paper gives a brief history of the Pugwash movement and how its first meeting came to be held in Pugwash, Nova Scotia. The perspectives of involved scientists are examined, contrasting the attitudes of participants in the conference with the attitudes of scientists who declined a public role. This paper explores how scientists perceived their own responsibility to act, examining the willingness to use their cultural identity as scientists to lobby for a particular political position.

scholarly journals Role of DNA Protection and Repair in Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Ultrahigh Shock Pressures Simulating Hypervelocity Impacts

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (21) ◽  
pp. 6682-6689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Moeller ◽  
Gerda Horneck ◽  
Elke Rabbow ◽  
G�nther Reitz ◽  
Cornelia Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Shock Pressure ◽  
Nonhomologous End Joining ◽  
End Joining ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rock Composition ◽  
High Shock ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Impact-induced ejections of rocks from planetary surfaces are frequent events in the early history of the terrestrial planets and have been considered as a possible first step in the potential interplanetary transfer of microorganisms. Spores of Bacillus subtilis were used as a model system to study the effects of a simulated impact-caused ejection on rock-colonizing microorganisms using a high-explosive plane wave setup. Embedded in different types of rock material, spores were subjected to extremely high shock pressures (5 to 50 GPa) lasting for fractions of microseconds to seconds. Nearly exponential pressure response curves were obtained for spore survival and linear dependency for the induction of sporulation-defective mutants. Spores of strains defective in major small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP) (α/β-type SASP) that largely protect the spore DNA and spores of strains deficient in nonhomologous-end-joining DNA repair were significantly more sensitive to the applied shock pressure than were wild-type spores. These results indicate that DNA may be the sensitive target of spores exposed to ultrahigh shock pressures. To assess the nature of the critical physical parameter responsible for spore inactivation by ultrahigh shock pressures, the resulting peak temperature was varied by lowering the preshock temperature, changing the rock composition and porosity, or increasing the water content of the samples. Increased peak temperatures led to increased spore inactivation and reduced mutation rates. The data suggested that besides the potential mechanical stress exerted by the shock pressure, the accompanying high peak temperatures were a critical stress parameter that spores had to cope with.

Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Its Biological Control

2008 ◽  
pp. 4276-4279
Author(s):  
Y. S. Chow ◽  
Virendra K. Gupta ◽  
Sue W. Nicolson ◽  
Harley P. Brown ◽  
Vincent H. Resh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth

A Mathematical Model of Humanitarian Aid Agencies in Attritional Conflict Environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. McLennan-Smith ◽  
Alexander C. Kalloniatis ◽  
Zlatko Jovanoski ◽  
Harvinder S. Sidhu ◽  
Dale O. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Limit Cycles ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Mathematical Ecology ◽  
History Of

Tools from mathematical ecology in a combat model with humanitarian aid agencies Conflict models have a long history of taking inspiration from mathematical ecology. In “A mathematical model of humanitarian aid agencies in attritional conflict environments,” McLennan-Smith et al. seek to enrich counterinsurgency (COIN) warfare models to account for modern and future complexities by incorporating nontrophic effects and the functional response from mathematical ecology. The authors consider the application of these ideas in a COIN scenario in which a humanitarian aid agency is present in the conflict environment to support the local population. In this scenario, the aid agency plays the unwilling role of a “hospital shield” whereby it is forced to, or inadvertently, shield combatants or weapons. In contrast to the typical behavior seen in the classic Lanchester system, this model gives rise to limit cycles and bifurcations that the authors interpret through a warfighting application. Finally, through a case study, the authors highlight the importance of the agility of an intervention force in achieving victory when humanitarian aid agencies are present.

POPULATION STUDIES ON THE WINTER MOTH OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MacPhee ◽  
A. Newton ◽  
K.B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Introduced Pest ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Annapolis Valley ◽  
Natural Dispersal

AbstractThe winter moth Operophtera brumata (L.) is a serious introduced pest of apple trees in Nova Scotia. It spread westward through orchards of the Annapolis Valley in the 1950’s and to other deciduous trees throughout Nova Scotia later. The parasites Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) and Agrypon flaveolatum (Grav.) were liberated during 1961 in Nova Scotia and gradually spread throughout the winter moth population. Population dynamics studies were conducted in insecticide-free orchards and corroborated with observations in neglected unsprayed apple trees over a wide area. The winter moth population reached a balanced level in unsprayed orchards at varying densities below the limits of its food supply, but well above an acceptable level for commercial apple production. In young orchards, where trees cover a small percentage of the ground, natural dispersal of larvae appeared to be a suppressing factor. In mature orchards mortality was density dependent during the prepupal to adult stage; mortality was partly due to parasitism and predation but also to other factors.

The Distribution, Life History, and Economic Importance of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Nova Scotia

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Cuming
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Fall Cankerworm ◽  
South Shore

In the early 1930's defoliation of red oak, Quercus rubra L., white elm, Ulmus americana L., apple, Malus spp., and other deciduous trees in the South Shore region of Nova Scotia was attributed to the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), and the spring cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck). The identity of the latter was questioned when adults occurred in the fall. These adults were sutbsequently identified as Operophtera brumata (L.), the winter moth (Hawboldt and Cuming, 1950; Smith, 1950).

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