The Biology and Ecology of the Red-Pine Needle Midge and Its Role in Fall Browning of Red Pine Foliage

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Kearby ◽  
D. M. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Abscission Layer ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Stand Conditions ◽  
Needle Blight

AbstractOutbreaks of Thecodiplosis piniresinosae Kearby apparently have occurred in North America since 1932 on Pinus resinosa (Ait.). Serious losses of new needles and some mortality of shoots resulted since 1957 in central Wisconsin. Fall browning caused by the midge is distinguished from needle blight and needle droop.Three larval stages and the pupa are described. Adults emerged in late May and oviposited on elongating shoots. Eggs hatched within a week and larvae mined into the bases of the fascicles, where they fed until early October. In October, mature larvae left the fascicles, dropped to the litter, and entered the soil to overwinter. Pupation and transformation to the adult occurred in the spring.One larva usually was present per fascicle during periods of low populations, but during outbreaks up to 11 larvae infested a single fascicle. A monothalmous or polythalmous gall-like enlargement was noticeable during the outbreak. Infested needles formed an abscission layer prematurely and dropped during the winter, 3 to 5 years before normal abscission. Stand conditions, age and spacing conducive to the buildup of midge outbreaks are discussed.

Davisomycella ampla. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Needle Blight

Abstract A description is provided for Davisomycella ampla. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. strobus, P. pinaster, P. radiata. DISEASE: Jack pine needle blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); South America (Brazil); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.

The Biology and Behaviour of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Southern Ontario I. Adult

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1098-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Pointing
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Accidental Introduction ◽  
Pine Species

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), has been recognized as a pest of pine plantations since it was described in 1776. Neugebauer (1952) stated that 32 susceptible pine species were known and that scarcely any species were rejected by the insect. Following its accidental introduction into North America about 50 years ago (Busck, 1914) the shoot moth became a serious pest of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., which appears to be the most susceptible species (Heikkenen and Miller, 1959). Watson (1947) described the shoot moth as “the most destructive insect affecting hard pines in southern Ontario, and the most difficult to control”. Plantations have been damaged so severely that the planting of red pine has been virtually discontinued within the pest's range.

THE INSECT ECOLOGY OF RED PINE PLANTATIONS IN CENTRAL ONTARIO: V. THE COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

1968 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 835-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Gagné ◽  
J. L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Insect Ecology

AbstractThirteen species of Coccinellidae were found to occur in adjacent red pine plantations of five different ages near Thessalon, Ont. These populations fell into two major ecological groups corresponding to the two plantation age classes. One group (the old-field species) inhabited young plantations up to 16 years old, and the other (the old-stand species) inhabited older stands. Each group was characterized by different dominant species, Coccinella transversoguttata Falder-man and Scymnus lacustris Lec. in the younger stands, and Mulsantina picta (Rand.) and Anatis mali Auct. in the older stands. Species diversity decreased as the stands aged.As the red pines increased in size, they became less favourable for coccinellids in general because prey density decreased. As a consequence, the predator’s search area per unit prey capture increased necessitating an increased searching capacity and mobility. Coccinellid population fluctuations were synchronized with those of the woolly pine needle aphid, Schizolachnus piniradiatae (Davidson), the major food source, due to compensative movements to and from the plantations of the adult coccinellids and the dependence of the larvae on the aphid. Starvation and cannibalism during the larval stages appeared to be the major mortality factors. Inclement weather and predation were of minor direct importance to coccinellid populations and parasitism was rare.All species, with the possible exception of S. lacustris, were univoltine.

scholarly journals Earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America: damage believed until now to be caused by summer frost

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Gaston Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Topographic Depressions

In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.

Ploioderma lethale. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Needle Blight ◽  
Pinus Clausa

Abstract A description is provided for Ploioderma lethale. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pinus clausa, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. glabra, P. palustris, P. pungens, P. rigida, P. serotina. DISEASE: Pine needle blight; hypoderma needle blight of southern pines (24, 118). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (eastern USA). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores discharged during wet weather from ascocarps on infected foliage.

scholarly journals Effects of Four Thinnings on the Growth, Yields and Financial Returns of a 62-Year-Old Red Pine Plantation

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. von Althen ◽  
W. M. Stiell ◽  
R. B. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Present Worth ◽  
Financial Growth ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
Stand Conditions

Growth data for a 62-year old plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) at Rockland, Ontario, part of which was thinned four times between 1938 and 1972, and part of which was left unthinned, are presented for the two stand conditions, together with associated product yields and economic implications of alternative treatments. The investment in thinning, when based on historical costs and revenues, was attractive: the thinning program increased net present worth at each stage. When based on current costs and revenues, with no increase at an assumed inflation rate, the investment in thinning was less attractive, and it was not proved conclusively that the thinning program would be profitable. Financial growth peaked at a rotation age of approximately 50 years.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

THE SEED PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RED PINE CONES (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

The seed capacity of red pine cones varies from about 30 to over 110, depending on the size of the cone and its position in the tree crown, and is determined by the number of ovules that are structurally complete at the time of pollination. These ovules occur in a central "productive" region and constitute less than one-half of the total. The remaining ovules, most: of which are in the proximal part of the cone, never become structurally perfect, and do not contribute to seed production. Abortion of ovules in the productive region usually reduces seed production efficiency to 50–60%, and is accompanied mainly by withering of the nucellus in the first year and failure to produce archegonia early in the second year. The extent of ovule abortion during the first year varies indirectly with cone size, seed capacity, and height in tree.

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