NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF NEEDLE BLIGHT AND LATE FALL BROWNING IN RED PINE (Pinus resinosa Ait.)

AbstractOutbreaks of Thecodiplosis piniresinosae Kearby apparently have occurred in North America since 1932 on Pinus resinosa (Ait.). Serious losses of new needles and some mortality of shoots resulted since 1957 in central Wisconsin. Fall browning caused by the midge is distinguished from needle blight and needle droop.Three larval stages and the pupa are described. Adults emerged in late May and oviposited on elongating shoots. Eggs hatched within a week and larvae mined into the bases of the fascicles, where they fed until early October. In October, mature larvae left the fascicles, dropped to the litter, and entered the soil to overwinter. Pupation and transformation to the adult occurred in the spring.One larva usually was present per fascicle during periods of low populations, but during outbreaks up to 11 larvae infested a single fascicle. A monothalmous or polythalmous gall-like enlargement was noticeable during the outbreak. Infested needles formed an abscission layer prematurely and dropped during the winter, 3 to 5 years before normal abscission. Stand conditions, age and spacing conducive to the buildup of midge outbreaks are discussed.

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A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc86348-3 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 348-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ali A Rahi ◽

Colin Bowling ◽

Dale Simpson

Keyword(s):

Significant Variation ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine ◽

Provenance Trial ◽

Maritime Provinces ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Breast Height ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Northwestern Ontario ◽

Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

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THE SEED PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RED PINE CONES (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b56-003 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 27-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

L. A. Lyons

Keyword(s):

Seed Production ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Proximal Part ◽

Red Pine ◽

First Year ◽

Tree Crown ◽

Second Year ◽

Pine Cones

The seed capacity of red pine cones varies from about 30 to over 110, depending on the size of the cone and its position in the tree crown, and is determined by the number of ovules that are structurally complete at the time of pollination. These ovules occur in a central "productive" region and constitute less than one-half of the total. The remaining ovules, most: of which are in the proximal part of the cone, never become structurally perfect, and do not contribute to seed production. Abortion of ovules in the productive region usually reduces seed production efficiency to 50–60%, and is accompanied mainly by withering of the nucellus in the first year and failure to produce archegonia early in the second year. The extent of ovule abortion during the first year varies indirectly with cone size, seed capacity, and height in tree.

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Growth of Clumped vs. Equally Spaced Trees

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc58023-1 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 23-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

W. M. Stiell

Keyword(s):

Basal Area ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine ◽

Form Class ◽

Significant Tendency ◽

Made In ◽

Crown Size

Fifteen-year results are presented for a thinning experiment made in 13-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), designed to compare growth of trees in 4-tree clumps with that of uniformly spaced trees, in both cases growing at 890 stems/ha. By the end of the period, average crown size, form class and height were about the same for both stands, but growth by trees in clumps had been less for dbh and for basal area and total volume per hectare. Clumped trees had a significant tendency to lean away from each other. It was concluded that control of inter-tree spacing at planting or thinning is justified to the extent that clumps of more than three adjacent trees be avoided.

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USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b65-032 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 305-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. J. Clausen ◽

T. T. Kozlowski

Keyword(s):

Abies Balsamea ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Tsuga Canadensis ◽

Red Pine ◽

Eastern Hemlock ◽

Balsam Fir ◽

White Pine ◽

Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

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EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON A 20-YEAR-OLD RED PINE PLANTATION

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc41290-3 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 290-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. D. Gagnon

Keyword(s):

Beneficial Effect ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Growing Season ◽

Red Pine ◽

Pine Plantation ◽

The Third ◽

Potassium Fertilization ◽

Current Growth

The fertilizers, Mg at a rate of 100 lbs/acre and K at 200 lbs/acre, were applied around each of 15 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to promote increased growth in a 20-year-old plantation which had failed to fulfil growth expectations. Successive measurements of diameter and height showed that the fertilizers stimulated diameter significantly after the second growing season, but height only after the third growing season. Beneficial effect of fertilizer applications on diameter and height persisted, and the differences in diameter and height between treated and untreated trees at the end of the seventh growing season was equivalent to two years' current growth.

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Variations in the Chemical Composition of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) Leaves: a Comparison of Well-grown and Poorly grown Trees

Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1093/forestry/37.1.87 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

H. A. I. MADGWICK

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine

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Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: effects on understory vegetation

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf01021 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 91 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David D. Neumann ◽

Donald I. Dickmann

Keyword(s):

Late Summer ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine ◽

Phytolacca Americana ◽

Vegetative Cover ◽

White Pine ◽

Periodic Surface ◽

Surface Fires ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Surface Burning

Beginning in 1991, periodic surface fires (frontal fire intensities <200 kW m–1) were introduced into a mixed red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) plantation (dbh 16–60 cm). Replicated plots of 0.4–0.5 ha were either burned three times at biennial intervals (early May of 1991, 1993, and 1995), burned once (early May 1991), or not burned. Measurements were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. The pine overstory was largely unaffected by the fires. The understory on unburned plots contained 16 111 large seedlings (>1 m, ≤ 1.9 cm dbh) and 3944 saplings (2.0–5.9 cm dbh) per ha, consisting of 23 woody angiosperm taxa. Plots burned once contained 60% of the large seedlings, 7% of the saplings, and 6 fewer taxa than unburned plots. No large seedlings and few saplings were found in plots burned biennially. Cover of low (<1 m) woody and herbaceous vegetation in plots burned once or three times was twice that of unburned plots, even in the growing season immediately following the May 1995 re-burn. Recovery of low vegetative cover in the re-burned plots was rapid, exceeding that in once-burned or unburned plots by late summer following the burn. Species richness of low vegetation was 20–25% higher in burned than unburned plots, except in the year immediately following reburning. Taxa dominating this site following burning were Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Rubus spp., Phytolacca americana L., and Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. MÜll.) Watt. Restoration of low-intensity surface fires to ecosystems dominated by mature red pine or white pine is feasible, but major changes in understory structure and composition will occur.

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Frost Rings Formed in 14-m Tall Red Pine

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc57123-3 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 57 (3) ◽

pp. 123-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

David C. F. Fayle

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Pinus Resinosa ◽

Red Pine ◽

Annual Rings

In codominant and suppressed trees in two red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in Simcoe County, Ontario, frost rings had formed at the start of most annual rings in the two internodes below the current leader until the trees were nearly 14-m tall. None occurred in the current shoot growth or below the sixth internode. They seldom formed when the stem radius (inside bark) exceeded 2 cm.

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