The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the Fauna of an Apple Orchard

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Check Plot ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Fall Webworm ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

AbstractPlots in a bearing apple orchard were sprayed with formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on five to seven occasions in each of four consecutive seasons. Larvae of the winter moth, eye-spotted bud moth, orchard tent caterpillar, and fall webworm were less numerous on foliage in plots treated with B. thuringiensis than in the check plot. Numbers of free-living blister mites were reduced by treatment with the bacterium. Other phytophagous mites were not numerous in any of the plots. Injury to fruit by larvae of the codling moth, winter moth, and eye-spotted bud moth and by the mirid Atractotomus mali (Meyer) was lower in plots treated with the bacterium. Only three taxa of predacious arthropods were consistently affected by the application of B. thuringiensis; one was less numerous where the bacterium was applied and two were more numerous.

THE INFLUENCE OF SOME FUNGICIDES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPRAYS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Jaques
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Mercuric Acetate ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Powder Preparation ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Eastern Tent Caterpillar ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

The effect of five common orchard fungicides, captan, dodine, dichlone, glyodin, and a mercuric acetate eradicant, on the activity of a wettable powder preparation of spores of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was studied in the laboratory, orchard, and field, using pests of apple and cabbage as test insects. Glyodin was the only one of the fungicides tested in the laboratory that significantly reduced the activity of the spores against larvae of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (Fabricius), and the winter moth, Operophthera brumata (Linnaeus). In the orchard and field tests the combining of glyodin or dodine with sprays of the spores reduced mortality of larvae of the winter moth, the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), and the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curtis).

Molecular and physiological comparison ofAzospirillumspp. isolated fromRhizoctonia solanimycelia, wheat rhizosphere, and human skin wounds

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F Cohen ◽  
Xiang Y Han ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Orchard Soil

Four phenotypically similar bacterial strains isolated from fungal, plant, and human sources were identified as Azospirillum species. Strains RC1 and LOD4 were isolated from the mycelium of the apple root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG 5 and from the rhizosphere of wheat grown in apple orchard soil, respectively. Strains C610 and F4626 isolated from human wounds were previously misclassified as Roseomonas genomospecies 3 and 6. All four strains demonstrated close similarities in 16S rRNA gene sequences, having [Formula: see text]97% identity to Azospirillum brasilense type strain ATCC 29145 and <90% identity to Roseomonas gilardii, the Roseomonas type strain. Extensive phenotypic similarities among the four strains included the ability of free-living cells to fix N2. Cells of strains RC1, LOD4, and C610 but not of strain F4626 could be induced to flocculate by incubation with 10 mmol·L–1glycerol or fructose in medium containing 0.5 mmol·L–1NO3–. Our results indicate a wide range of potential sources for Azospirillum spp. with the isolation of Azospirillum spp. from human wounds warranting further investigation.Key words: Azospirillum brasilense, Roseomonas fauriae, flocculation, Rhizoctonia solani.

scholarly journals Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products in Summer, 1993

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
J. F. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Treatment Evaluation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller

Abstract Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. Trees were 2-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was ditch irrigated. Treatments were applied on 6 and 17 Jul to five-tree plots replicated five times using a RCBD. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 29 Jul. Each tree was examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded.

scholarly journals Apple, Control of the Obliquebanded Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Cryolite in Summer, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
J. F. Brunner ◽  
M. D. Doerr ◽  
L. O. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Treatment Evaluation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller

Abstract Different B. thuringiensis products and Kryocide (cryolite) were evaluated for their ability to control OBLR larvae of the summer generation. The test was conducted in an apple orchard near Milton-Freewater, OR. The trees were 3-yr-old ‘Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to four-tree plots replicated five times using a RCB design. All treatments were applied on 23, 30 Jun and 11 Jul with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gpa. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 27 Jul. The number of live OBLR larvae on all four trees of a treatment replication was counted.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY PROGRAMS ON THE FAUNA OF APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA: XX. TRENDS AFTER ALTERING LEVELS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES OR PREDATORS

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Sanford ◽  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Typhlodromus Pyri ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Predacious Species

AbstractUtilizing the knowledge of their direct effects, the materials ryania, carbaryl, and Animert V-101 applied to a uniformly distributed population of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), altered the populations in plots in an apple orchard. Trends after treatment in both host mite and predator populations were assessed. Supplementary applications of the acaricides Animert V-101 or dicofol directed against certain generations of P. ulmi controlled outbreaks and altered the faunal levels during the following season. Ryania was largely innocuous to most species of predators with the exception of Atractotomus mali (Meyer) and Diaphnocoris spp., carbaryl was detrimental to most predacious species, and Animert V-101, while selectively toxic to phytophagous mites, was innocuous to all predacious insects and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten.Phytophagous mite populations may be altered to almost prescribed levels with pesticides when the predator populations are known. This allows selective chemicals to be used to complement the predator effect and maintain red mites below the threshold of damage.

SUPPRESSION OF CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) BY SEX PHEROMONE TRAPPING OF MALES

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 1037-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. MacLellan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Pheromone Traps ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Moth Population ◽  
Pheromone Trapping ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Fruit Damage

AbstractThe intensive use of sex pheromone traps in an insecticide-free apple orchard from 1972 to 1974 reduced the codling moth population and level of fruit damage. The sex ratio of bait-trapped adults indicated that the male population was being reduced by the pheromone traps. In commercial orchards pheromone trapping of males suppressed codling moth damage to fruit but the amount of damage was above acceptable economic levels.

ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF THE CODLING MOTH, CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. Brinton ◽  
M. D. Proverbs ◽  
B. E. Carty
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Wood Sawdust

AbstractAn artificial diet for rearing the codling moth is described. It is a modification of a casein–wheat germ diet that was initially developed for the cabbage looper. Agar was replaced by a mixture of wood sawdust, wheat flour, and wood pulp. Growth of microorganisms was controlled by sorbic acid and aureomycin, and by lowering the pH of the diet to 3.5 with citric acid. Production cost for dietary ingredients was about $1/1000 moths. The moths were slightly smaller than those reared on apple. When confined in cages, the sterilized diet-reared moths were somewhat less competitive than the apple-reared insects. However, sterilized diet-reared male moths released in an apple orchard dispersed more rapidly than sterilized apple-reared males.

Free-living mesostigmatic mites in Australia: their roles in biological control and bioindication

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Beaulieu ◽  
A. R. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Managed Landscapes ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Practices

The taxonomy, biology and ecology of free-living mesostigmatic mites in Australia and their current and potential use in biological control and bioindication is reviewed. Most current research on free-living Mesostigmata in Australia focuses on species with an established role in the biocontrol of crop pests, such as members of the family Phytoseiidae. Three introduced species and at least seven native species of Phytoseiidae are presently used for the control of phytophagous mites in Australia. The introduced phytoseiids are mostly specific to spider mites and have been selected for resistance to some of the common pesticides. Native species provide the advantage of being generalist feeders and are capable of using alternative food in the absence of mite pests. Therefore they can persist more effectively in the environment and contribute to the control of several pests. The reduced and selective use of pesticides, accompanied by scouting services, has allowed the successful control of phytophagous mites by native species in several Australian tree crops, especially grapevine and citrus. In soils, Mesostigmata are extremely abundant, species-rich and play significant ecological roles. They feed on a broad range of invertebrates, including phytophagous pests that spend part or most of their lives on or in the soil or root systems. However, the majority of mesostigmatic mite species are unknown in Australia. Nevertheless, recent research indicates that many species are habitat-specific, and that they may be sensitive to agricultural practices and other land management systems. Mesostigmata have great potential for biological control of pests, and as indicators of soil quality and sustainable agricultural practices. However, the current paucity of research and information on the taxonomy, life-history and ecology of native species in natural and managed landscapes will continue to hinder their use in biological control and as bioindicators.

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