Rearing the wheat stem sawfly on an artificial diet

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuilo B. Macedo ◽  
Paula A. Macedo ◽  
Robert K.D. Peterson ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Wendell L. Morrill
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Harvest Efficiency

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is an insect pest in dryland wheat cropping systems in the southern Canadian Prairies and the northern Great Plains of the United States (Morrill 1997). Yield losses caused by C. cinctus are due to reduced head weight (Holmes 1977; Morrill et al. 1992) and lodging, which decreases harvest efficiency. Estimates of yield losses in Montana alone are about US$25 million per year.

Spatiotemporal distributions of wheat stem sawfly eggs and larvae in dryland wheat fields

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Nansen ◽  
Tulio B. Macedo ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Robert K.D. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

AbstractThe wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), is the most serious insect pest of dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Poaceae) in the southern Canadian Prairies and the northern Great Plains of the United States. We characterized the spatial distribution pattern of C. cinctus eggs and larvae throughout the adult flight period in three dryland winter wheat fields in Montana. Cephus cinctus females laid eggs in wheat stems until a few weeks before wheat maturity, and most wheat stems received only one egg. Wheat stem samples collected along the field edges represented 12%–16% of the samples but 40%–95% of the infested stems. The highest numbers of C. cinctus eggs and larvae found in a single wheat stem were 16 and 4, respectively. On a field scale, both C. cinctus eggs and larvae were significantly aggregated along field edges in most of the sampling events. A comparison of indices of aggregation revealed that C. cinctus larvae were significantly more spatially aggregated than C. cinctus eggs. Based on our spatiotemporal analysis, we speculate that the majority of the eggs are initially laid along field edges, and ovipositing C. cinctus females do not distinguish between previously infested and uninfested wheat stems. Gradually, these eggs hatch and the larvae begin feeding; at the same time, the later emerging C. cinctus females oviposit farther into the wheat fields. One explanation is that ovipositing C. cinctus females avoid stems containing feeding larvae. The analysis of the temporal changes in the spatial distribution patterns of C. cinctus eggs and larvae is discussed in the context of possible integrated pest management strategies.

A Survey of Five Stem-Feeding Insect Pests of Wheat in the Northern Great Plains

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Shanower ◽  
Debra K. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Hessian Fly ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Sawfly Larvae ◽  
Low Levels

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephas cinctus Norton, the wheat stem maggot, Meromyza americana Fitch, the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), the wheat jointworm, Tetramesa tritici (Fitch), and the wheat strawworm, Tetramesa grandis (Riley), have long been considered wheat pests in the northern Great Plains. This paper reports results of surveys for these pests conducted over 3 yrs in parts of Montana (10 counties), North Dakota (14 counties), South Dakota (1 county), Nebraska (4 counties) and Wyoming (1 county). Fields were randomly selected and a mean of 191 stems were sampled from each field. The percentage of stems infested with each pest was recorded. The percentage of parasitized wheat stem sawfly larvae also was noted. The wheat stem sawfly, wheat stem maggot, and Hessian fly were the most commonly encountered pests, recorded in nearly every county. Wheat stem sawfly density was twice that of wheat stem maggot (7% vs 3.2%) in infested fields. Wheat stem sawfly densities exceeded 10% in 4 counties: Daniels and Wibaux in MT, Golden Valley, ND and Goshen, WY. Wheat stem sawfly parasitism was low and positively correlated with sawfly infestation. Wheat stem maggot infestations were low (<11% for all fields), averaging 3.2% among infested fields. Hessian fly densities were much lower (2.2% among infested fields) than reported elsewhere in the U.S. The wheat jointworm and strawworm were absent from most fields and only occasionally found at low levels (<1% and <3.5% respectively, among infested fields). This information will help to prioritize wheat insect pest management research and extension programs in this region.

Within-field spatial distribution of Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) larvae in Montana wheat fields

2005 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Nansen ◽  
David K. Weaver ◽  
Sharlene E. Sing ◽  
Justin B. Runyon ◽  
Wendell L. Morrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Edge Effect ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Infestation Level ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, is a major insect pest in dryland wheat (Triticum L. spp.; Poaceae) fields in the northern Great Plains of the United States and in southern regions of the prairie provinces of Canada. Field infestations by this pest commonly show a distinct “edge effect”, with infestation levels highest at the field edge and declining inwards. In this study, we characterized the edge effect of C. cinctus infested wheat fields in Montana at four locations in two separate years. "Infestation level" refers to the average proportion of wheat stems infested with C. cinctus in samples collected in a given wheat field. The gradual decrease in C. cinctus infestation towards the centre of wheat fields is referred to as the “infestation slope”, and it was presented as a proportion of infestation level at field edges. We showed that (i) for most of the fields bordering grassland or fallow wheat, a simple exponential decline curve provided a significant fit to the infestation slope; (ii) the infestation slopes in different fields and in different directions within fields were similar and appeared to be independent of the overall infestation level; and (iii) the relationship between infestation level and the proportion of samples infested followed an asymptotic curve, which indicates a high level of dispersal of ovipositing C. cinctus females. The general perception has been that the edge effect of C. cinctus infestation is a result of ovipositing C. cinctus females being both weak flyers and short-lived, but our results do not fully corroborate this perception. Currently, the only reliable way to detect C. cinctus infestations is to dissect individual stems and look for developing instars. However, this type of sampling is extremely time consuming and labor intensive and therefore impractical for wheat growers. Increasing the understanding of the spatial patterns in C. cinctus infestations is a first step towards development of an optimal sampling plan for this important field pest. Thus, the results presented are relevant for researchers involved in sampling designs and integrated pest management procedures for field pests. We discuss behavioral and evolutionary factors that may contribute to the edge effect of C. cinctus infestations.

Distinguishing adults of Bracon cephi and Bracon lissogaster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoids of the wheat stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Runyon ◽  
R.L. Hurley ◽  
W.L. Morrill ◽  
D.K. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been the most economically important insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains since cultivation began (Weiss and Morrill 1992). The wheat stem sawfly was first reported from wild grasses where populations were often highly parasitized by a number of parasitoids, including Bracon (= Microbracon) cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Criddle 1923; Ainslie 1929). A similar species, Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck, was later reported to also attack C. cinctus larvae (Muesebeck 1953; Somsen and Luginbill 1956). These parasitoids are now prevalent in wheat in some regions of Montana (Morrill et al. 1994, 1998; Morrill 1997). The life histories and phenologies of these sympatric idiobiont ectoparasitoids are similar. The ability to distinguish B. cephi from B. lissogaster is essential in elucidating their effects on populations of C. cinctus. We examined 159 females and 123 males of B. cephi from Chouteau, Hill, Stillwater, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana; Burke, Burleigh, Rolette, and Williams counties in North Dakota; Rock County in Minnesota; and southem Alberta (Rockyford and Consort). The 254 females and 215 males of B. lissogaster examined were from Chouteau, Hill, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana. Holotypes were compared to verify identifications.

scholarly journals Lessons Learned from the 2017 Flash Drought across the U.S. Northern Great Plains and Canadian Prairies

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. E2171-E2185
Author(s):  
Andrew Hoell ◽  
Britt-Anne Parker ◽  
Michael Downey ◽  
Natalie Umphlett ◽  
Kelsey Jencso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Drought Early Warning ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe 2017 flash drought arrived without early warning and devastated the U.S. northern Great Plains region comprising Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the adjacent Canadian Prairies. The drought led to agricultural production losses exceeding $2.6 billion in the United States, widespread wildfires, poor air quality, damaged ecosystems, and degraded mental health. These effects motivated a multiagency collaboration among academic, tribal, state, and federal partners to evaluate drought early warning systems, coordination efforts, communication, and management practices with the goal of improving resilience and response to future droughts. This essay provides an overview on the causes, predictability, and historical context of the drought, the impacts of the drought, opportunities for drought early warning, and an inventory of lessons learned. Key lessons learned include the following: 1) building partnerships during nondrought periods helps ensure that proper relationships are in place for a coordinated and effective drought response; 2) drought information providers must improve their understanding of the annual decision cycles of all relevant sectors, including, and beyond, direct impacts in agricultural sectors; and 3) ongoing monitoring of environmental conditions is vital to drought early warning, given that seasonal forecasts lack skill over the northern Great Plains.

Harvest Moon seabuckthorn

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 1309-1312
Author(s):  
William R. Schroeder ◽  
Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally ◽  
Hamid A. Naeem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Development Centre ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Reddish Orange

Schroeder, W. R., Soolanayakanahally, R. Y. and Naeem, H. A. 2014. Harvest Moon seabuckthorn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1309–1312. Harvest Moon is a female, winter-hardy seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. mongolica) cultivar released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agroforestry Development Centre (ADC). It is an early-maturing relatively thornless seabuckthorn with reddish-orange berries. The berries are sour-sweet, large with long pedicels, which facilitates hand harvesting. Harvest Moon is adapted for fruit orchards in the Canadian Prairies and northern Great Plains of the United States. The name Harvest Moon was chosen as it represents the large reddish-orange oblong berries characteristic of the cultivar.

Dynamic Cropping Systems for Sustainable Crop Production in the Northern Great Plains

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 904-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Tanaka ◽  
J. M. Krupinsky ◽  
S. D. Merrill ◽  
M. A. Liebig ◽  
J. D. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Sustainable Crop Production

VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN ISOLATES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. DARLINGTON ◽  
D. E. MATHRE ◽  
R. H. JOHNSTON
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Weakly Virulent ◽  
Grass Hosts

Isolates of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. originally isolated from many different grass hosts in the northern Great Plains and several other areas in the United States and England were tested for their pathogenicity to selected cultivars or lines of male-sterile wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). While there was a great range in the level of virulence, no clear-cut evidence of specific races was obtained. A few isolates were weakly virulent on two cultivars of male-sterile spring wheat but were highly virulent on the other two cultivars tested. Wheat and barley breeders are advised to use a mixture of isolates in screening germ plasm for resistance to ergot.

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