21029 Background: A specific germline mutation at codon 337 in TP53 (R337H) has been detected in a number of unrelated subjects with familial cancer risk in South Brazil, suggesting that this mutation may be relatively common in this population. Methods: To assess the TP53 R337H prevalence in a group of asymptomatic individuals unselected for family history of cancer, we studied 750 women aged 40–69 ys participating in a mammographic screening programme in Porto Alegre, Brazil`s southernmost capital. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using standard procedures and PCR-amplified to generate a 238-base product encompassing TP53 exon 10, which was analyzed by RFLP using the restriction enzyme HhaI. The mutant, uncleaved allele was identified in agarose gels and positive RFLP findings were further confirmed by an independent PCR amplification and bi-directional, automated sequencing. Results and Discussion: The R337H mutant was detected in two of the 750 participants (0.15%), suggesting a much higher prevalence for this than for other TP53 germline mutations causing the LFS/LFL syndromes in the general population. Interestingly, these two subjects reported a familial history of cancer, and were found to be 2nd degree relatives. Three additional family members were also positive: one woman affected with breast cancer at the age of 36 years and two asymptomatic 62- and 80-year-old women. The presence of four R337H-positive cancer- unaffected individuals in this family, two of them well above the age of 50, indicates that this is a low-penetrance allele. In addition, the pedigree does not fulfill any of the currently recognized clinical criteria for the diagnosis of LFS/LFLS syndrome. This is the first study to report detection of a germline TP53 mutation in a population-based screening programme. Conclusions: The TP53 R337H mutant appears to be relatively common and may occur in families that do not fulfill the known clinical criteria for LFS/LFLS, the family described here contains asymptomatic carriers suggesting partial penetrance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.