scholarly journals GIOVAN BATTISTA MORGAGNI E IL DIBATTITO FRA MEDICINA RAZIONALE E MEDICINA EMPIRICA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Zampieri
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Giovanni Battista Morgagni

Giovanni Battista Morgagni is considered the father of pathological anatomy. His contribution can be contextualized in the extraordinary development of anatomy between the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, because along this period anatomy became the most important among the natural sciences. A new pathology based on anatomy was possible thanks to the mechanistic perspective which characterized this science during the seventeenth century, in particular through the work of Marcello Malpighi, whom Morgagni considered as his master. The approach of Malpighi and other ‘iatromechanists’ was widely debated: supporters of mechanisms and empiricism, as well as supporters of the Ancients, or Hippocratic-Galenic medicine, and of the Moderns, or ‘Neoteric’ medicine, were opposed and interlaced. The anatomo-clinical method of Morgagni can be fully understood only by being contextualized within this debate.

Studying the Natural Sciences in Seventeenth-Century Jamaica

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Buissieret
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural Sciences

A priori

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Priori Knowledge

An important term in epistemology since the seventeenth century, ‘a priori’ typically connotes a kind of knowledge or justification that does not depend on evidence, or warrant, from sensory experience. Talk of a priori truth is ordinarily shorthand for talk of truth knowable or justifiable independently of evidence from sensory experience; and talk of a priori concepts is usually talk of concepts that can be understood independently of reference to sensory experience. A priori knowledge contrasts with a posteriori knowledge, knowledge requiring evidence from sensory experience. Broadly characterized, a posteriori knowledge is empirical, experience-based knowledge, and a priori knowledge is non-empirical knowledge. Standard examples of a priori truths are the truths of mathematics, whereas standard examples of a posteriori truths are the truths of the natural sciences.

William Cecil Dampier, 1867-1952

1954 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Public School ◽  
Trinity College ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Ingenious Method ◽  
William Dampier

Sir William Dampier was born in 1867 and named William Cecil Dampier Whetham. His early work was published under that name but later he changed his surname to that of his mother’s family. At the beginning of the seventeenth century the Whetham family were small landowners in Dorset, but in the nineteenth century Dampier’s grandfather moved to London and became an important figure in its business life. He was knighted and became Lord Mayor of London. Dampier records that he acted as his grandfather’s page on state occasions. Dampier’s mother came from a Somerset family, one branch of which produced the famous explorer William Dampier. In early youth poor health prevented him from going to a public school, but in 1886 he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge. Here he came under the influence of J. J. Thomson who inspired him with a desire to undertake research in physics. After taking first class degrees in both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos he started research work in 1889 at the Cavendish Laboratory. His first work was directed to finding out whether there is any slipping at the surface of a tube when a fluid passes through it. It had been thought that fluids which do not wet glass might slip, whereas those which do wet it would not. Dampier showed conclusively that there is no slipping. He next turned to the measurement of the velocity of ions in electrolytic solutions and devised an ingenious method in which direct measurements were made using a coloured solution. These measurements confirmed previous theories put forward by Hittorf and Kohlrausch. These researches led in 1891 to his being elected a fellow of Trinity. He remained a fellow of the college during the whole of the rest of his life

Thought experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Gooding
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
New Science ◽  
Scientific Experiments ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

Thought experiments are strange: they have the power to present surprising results and can profoundly change the way we view the world, all without requiring us to examine the world in the way that ordinary scientific experiments do. Philosophers who view all hypothetical reasoning as a form of thought experimentation regard the method as being as old as philosophy itself. Others maintain that truly informative thought experiments are found only in mathematics and the natural sciences. These emerged in the seventeenth century when the new experimental science of Bacon, Boyle, Galileo, Newton and others forced a distinction between the passive observation of Aristotelian mental narratives and the active interventions of real-world experiment. The new science gave rise to a philosophical puzzle: how can mere thought be so informative about the world? Rationalists argue that thought experiments are exercises in which thought apprehends laws of nature and mathematical truths directly. Empiricists argue that thought experiments are not exercises of ‘mere thought’ because they actually rely upon hidden empirical information – otherwise they would not count as experiments at all. More recently it has been argued that thought experiments are not mysterious because they are constructed arguments that are embedded in the world so as to combine logical and conceptual analysis with relevant features of the world.

A priori

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Priori Knowledge

An important term in epistemology since the seventeenth century, ‘a priori’ typically connotes a kind of knowledge or justification that does not depend on evidence, or justification, from sensory experience. Talk of a priori truth is ordinarily shorthand for talk of truth knowable or justifiable independently of evidence from sensory experience; and talk of a priori concepts is usually talk of concepts that can be understood independently of reference to sensory experience. A priori knowledge contrasts with a posteriori knowledge, knowledge requiring evidence from sensory experience. Broadly characterized, a posteriori knowledge is empirical, experience-based knowledge, and a priori knowledge is nonempirical knowledge. Standard examples of a priori truths are the truths of mathematics, whereas standard examples of a posteriori truths are the truths of the natural sciences.

The meaning of ceraunia: archaeology, natural history and the interpretation of prehistoric stone artefacts in the eighteenth century

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW R. GOODRUM
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Natural History Museums ◽  
History Museums ◽  
The Earth ◽  
History Of

Historians of archaeology have noted that prehistoric stone artefacts were first identified as such during the seventeenth century, and a great deal has been written about the formulation of the idea of a Stone Age in the nineteenth century. Much less attention has been devoted to the study of prehistoric artefacts during the eighteenth century. Yet it was during this time that researchers first began systematically to collect, classify and interpret the cultural and historical meaning of these objects as archaeological specimens rather than geological specimens. These investigations were conducted within the broader context of eighteenth-century antiquarianism and natural history. As a result, they offer an opportunity to trace the interrelationships that existed between the natural sciences and the science of prehistoric archaeology, which demonstrates that geological theories of the history of the earth, ethnographic observations of ‘savage peoples’ and natural history museums all played important roles in the interpretation of prehistoric stone implements during the eighteenth century.

The Dublin Philosophical Society and the New Learning in Ireland

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (54) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Theodore Hoppen
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
New Learning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Intellectual Disciplines

The study of the history of science has only within the last few decades attained the rank of an important field of enquiry for both scientist and historian. It was thus almost inevitable that, at first, attention should have been focused on the great and original thinkers like Boyle, Newton, Descartes, and Leibniz. But this type of approach frequently results in the presentation of a distorted picture, for few men are geniuses, and these are not truly representative of their age. The Irish scientists of the late seventeenth Century, who ranged from the very able to the pedantically dull, are far more typical examples of contemporary natural philosophers than are Newton or Boyle.In 1680, science in Ireland was still a rare and infrequent study, and it must be admitted that the country had fallen behind the rest of Europe not only in the natural sciences but also in almost all other intellectual disciplines.

Giovanni Battista Morgagni and the Morgagni Hernia

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110111
Author(s):  
Byron D. Hughes ◽  
Don Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Morgagni Hernia ◽  
Giovanni Battista Morgagni ◽  
University Of Padua ◽  
The University

Giovanni Morgagni remains an eminent figure in the field of pathological anatomy. Born in Forli, Italy, he excelled as a child. He entered medical school at the age of 16 years old in Bologna. By the age of 31 he held the chair position at the University of Padua. During his tenure, he discovered many anatomical and pathological findings, with the most widely known discovery being the Morgagni Hernia. Morgagni first described this eponymic hernia in an adult stonecutter during an autopsy. In addition to his many discoveries, his most esteemed written contribution to the field of medicine came in the form of a five-volume book titled De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomen Indagatis, in which he correlated cadaveric anatomy and symptomatology revealed upon autopsy. He remained on faculty at the University of Padua for over five decades until his death in 1771.

Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors A-B

1974 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 228-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Lohr
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
New Science ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Latin West ◽  
History Of

Aristotelianism occupies a unique position in the intellectual history of the Latin West. From Boethius to Galileo—from the end of classical civilization to the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, and in some circles even beyond—die works of the philosopher had a decisive influence, not only on the development of theology, philosophy, and natural sciences, but also on university structure and the system of education. The history of Aristotle's influence in the Middle Ages, especially the history of its thirteenth- century beginnings, is quite well known. But renaissance scholars have generally concentrated on the revolt against the Scholastic Aristode, the revival of other ancient philosophies, and the birth of the new science, only recently turning their attention to the history of Aristotelianism and university philosophy.

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