experimental science
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Lidón Monferrer ◽  
Gil Lorenzo-Valentín ◽  
María Santágueda-Villanueva

The much-needed interest in promoting a healthy lifestyle among school-age students has found a context for development: school gardens. There are numerous studies where using gardens as a teaching–learning context also improves students’ performance in the experimental sciences. In this study, we proposed another interest that sets it apart and adds motivation: combining curricular mathematics with experimental science content in this context. The search for possible studies in the scientific literature has gave rise to the review presented herein. From this review, we obtained 21 studies, from which we extracted a series of categories: whether research was undertaken and with which tools; which curricular contents were covered and the impact produced; the ages of the participants and duration of the project; and, finally, whether the garden was cultivated. The main conclusion of this search was the lack of a clear line of research linking school gardens, the experimental sciences, and mathematics, in addition to the scant presence of studies framed in this context. For that reason, we send a call to action to the scientific community encouraging the interdisciplinarity of the two aforementioned subjects within the context of school gardens.


2022 ◽  
pp. 108926802110175
Author(s):  
Burman Jeremy Trevelyan

What does a name mean in translation? Quine argued, famously, that the meaning of gavagai is indeterminate until you learn the language that uses that word to refer to its object. The case is similar with scientific texts, especially if they are older; historical. Because the meanings of terms can drift over time, so too can the meanings that inform experiments and theory. As can a life’s body of work and its contributions. Surely, these are also the meanings of a name; shortcuts to descriptions of the author who produced them, or of their thought (or maybe their collaborations). We are then led to wonder whether the names of scientists may also mean different things in different languages. Or even in the same language. This problem is examined here by leveraging the insights of historians of psychology who found that the meaning of “Wundt” changed in translation: his experimentalism was retained, and his Völkerpsychologie lost, so that what Wundt meant was altered even as his work—and his name—informed the disciplining of Modern Psychology as an experimental science. Those insights are then turned here into a general argument, regarding meaning-change in translation, but using a quantitative examination of the translations of Piaget’s books from French into English and German. It is therefore Piaget who has the focus here, evidentially, but the goal is broader: understanding and theorizing “the mistaken mirror” that reflects only what you can think to see (with implications for replication and institutional memory).


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Tomasz J. Wasowicz

The interactions of ions with molecules and the determination of their dissociation patterns are challenging endeavors of fundamental importance for theoretical and experimental science. In particular, the investigations on bond-breaking and new bond-forming processes triggered by the ionic impact may shed light on the stellar wind interaction with interstellar media, ionic beam irradiations of the living cells, ion-track nanotechnology, radiation hardness analysis of materials, and focused ion beam etching, deposition, and lithography. Due to its vital role in the natural environment, the pyridine molecule has become the subject of both basic and applied research in recent years. Therefore, dissociation of the gas phase pyridine (C5H5N) into neutral excited atomic and molecular fragments following protons (H+) and dihydrogen cations (H2+) impact has been investigated experimentally in the 5–1000 eV energy range. The collision-induced emission spectroscopy has been exploited to detect luminescence in the wavelength range from 190 to 520 nm at the different kinetic energies of both cations. High-resolution optical fragmentation spectra reveal emission bands due to the CH(A2Δ → X2Πr; B2Σ+ → X2Πr; C2Σ+ → X2Πr) and CN(B2Σ+ → X2Σ+) transitions as well as atomic H and C lines. Their spectral line shapes and qualitative band intensities are examined in detail. The analysis shows that the H2+ irradiation enhances pyridine ring fragmentation and creates various fragments more pronounced than H+ cations. The plausible collisional processes and fragmentation pathways leading to the identified products are discussed and compared with the latest results obtained in cation-induced fragmentation of pyridine.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Almaatouq ◽  
Joshua Aaron Becker ◽  
Michael Bernstein ◽  
Robert Botto ◽  
Eric Bradlow ◽  
...  

The standard experimental paradigm in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences is extremely limited. Although recent advances in digital technologies and crowdsourcing services allow individual experiments to be deployed and run faster than in traditional physical labs, a majority of experiments still focus on one-off results that do not generalize easily to real-world contexts or even to other variations of the same experiment. As a result, there exist few universally acknowledged findings, and even those are occasionally overturned by new data. We argue that to achieve replicable, generalizable, scalable and ultimately useful social and behavioral science, a fundamental rethinking of the model of virtual-laboratory style experiments is required. Not only is it possible to design and run experiments that are radically different in scale and scope than was possible in an era of physical labs; this ability allows us to ask fundamentally different types of questions than have been asked historically of lab studies. We posit, however, that taking full advantage of this new and exciting potential will require four major changes to the infrastructure, methodology, and culture of experimental science: (1) significant investments in software design and participant recruitment, (2) innovations in experimental design and analysis of experimental data, (3) adoption of new models of collaboration, and (4) a new understanding of the nature and role of theory in experimental social and behavioral science. We conclude that the path we outline, although ambitious, is well within the power of current technology and has the potential to facilitate a new class of scientific advances in social, behavioral and economic studies.This paper emerged from discussions at a workshop held by the Computational Social Science Lab at the University of Pennsylvania in January 2020. The work was supported by James and Jane Manzi Analytics Fund and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Miyawaki ◽  
Susumu Yamamoto ◽  
Yasuyuki Hirata ◽  
Masafumi Horio ◽  
Yoshihisa Harada ◽  
...  

AbstractAn X-ray is the well-known probe to examine structure of materials, including our own bodies. The X-ray beam, especially at the wavelength of nanometers, has also become significant to directly investigate electronic states of a sample. Such an X-ray is called a soft X-ray and polarization dependence of the light-matter interaction further unveils the microscopic properties, such as orbitals or spins of electrons. Generation of high brilliant beams of the polarized X-ray has linked to development of our experimental science, and it has been made by radiation from relativistic electrons at the synchrotron radiation facilities over the world. Recently, we constructed a new polarization-controlled X-ray source, the segmented cross undulator, at SPring-8, the largest synchrotron radiation facility in the world. The operation is based on interference of X-ray beams, which is sharply contrast to the conventional method of regulating electron trajectory by the mechanical control of magnets. The paradigm shift opened the measurement innovations and allowed us to design new experimental approaches to capture signals that have been hidden in materials. The present review describes the novel X-ray source with the principle of operation and the technical details of optimization. Examples of the frontier spectroscopies that use unique optical properties of the source are introduced, followed by the future prospects for next generation synchrotron radiation facilities.


Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. McNally ◽  
Mitchell S.V. Elkind ◽  
Ivor J. Benjamin ◽  
Mina K. Chung ◽  
Glenn H. Dillon ◽  
...  

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had worldwide repercussions for health care and research. In spring 2020, most non–COVID-19 research was halted, hindering research across the spectrum from laboratory-based experimental science to clinical research. Through the second half of 2020 and the first half of 2021, biomedical research, including cardiovascular science, only gradually restarted, with many restrictions on onsite activities, limited clinical research participation, and the challenges associated with working from home and caregiver responsibilities. Compounding these impediments, much of the global biomedical research infrastructure was redirected toward vaccine testing and deployment. This redirection of supply chains, personnel, and equipment has additionally hampered restoration of normal research activity. Transition to virtual interactions offset some of these limitations but did not adequately replace the need for scientific exchange and collaboration. Here, we outline key steps to reinvigorate biomedical research, including a call for increased support from the National Institutes of Health. We also call on academic institutions, publishers, reviewers, and supervisors to consider the impact of COVID-19 when assessing productivity, recognizing that the pandemic did not affect all equally. We identify trainees and junior investigators, especially those with caregiving roles, as most at risk of being lost from the biomedical workforce and identify steps to reduce the loss of these key investigators. Although the global pandemic highlighted the power of biomedical science to define, treat, and protect against threats to human health, significant investment in the biomedical workforce is required to maintain and promote well-being.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 5150-5160

Experimental science should be experimental in every aspect of it, from the life and career path of the experimenter to how its results and thoughts are being written up. In this paper, the author experiments with the stream of consciousness style of writing. To conform to this literary style, the text follows a natural train of thought that abounds with analogies and associations and deliberate typographic and syntactic omissions at times. Paying an homage to Joyce’s Ulysses as the hallmark of the stream of consciousness writings, the author demonstrates empirically and through a bibliographic meta-analysis that a nanoparticle protected against biodegradation in lysosomal compartments of the cell, like Odysseus, takes significantly more time to return to its point of origin than to reach its intracellular destination. Thus, getting across the biological barrier and into the living system is less laborious and tardy than escaping from it. From here on, the corollaries of this finding relevant for the field of targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles are elaborated. This discussion is entwined with the storyline of the paper, which reflects Homer’s epic poem about Odysseus and his long journey home. This experiment in scientific writing is motivated by the hope that rejuvenation of the literary style of technical papers in natural sciences might revitalize the rusty creativity and ill social relations underlying them. By experimenting with literary novelties and eventually adopting them as a common practice, science would be brought closer to the world of arts, at the interface of which it could rediscover its renaissance identity and flourish anew.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Tchougounnikov

Abstract This comparative reading of two conceptual corpora, Russian formalism and Germano-Austrian or Germanic formalism, begins with the idea that the European formalism presents a coherent unit. The continuity of this program authorizes such a comparative reading. The comparative analysis of formalisms in Europe could be a research program aimed at an epistemological reading of the phenomenon of European formalism at the turn of the 20th century. This program deals with a rereading of two conceptual fields–Russian formalism and Germanic (Germano-Austrian) formalism. This study seeks to contextualise the formalist project within the knowledge of its time by showing its genetic links with the disciplines of this period and by introducing it as an epistemological fact. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the growth of psychologism in aesthetic theories, constitutes a reaction against the dominant scientific positivism in the “humanities” of this period. Stemming from the tensions between “aesthetics from below” and “aesthetics from above,” European formalism expresses and achieves a heterogeneous aesthetic program, halfway between “experimental science” and the “science of lived experience.”


Author(s):  
S. PANKEVYCH ◽  

The article highlights the results of the organization of laboratory work using a modern digital training panel on electricity in a laboratory workshop on physics, which was developed and manufactured in Lutsk by the R & D center Mirroschool. As a result of the research, we proposed a method of organizing laboratory work in physics using a training panel. The article contains a fragment of laboratory work in physics, which allows to intensify the cognitive activity of students in teaching physics. The guidelines will be useful primarily for physics teachers and instructors who conduct laboratory work and demonstrations on electricity, laboratory technicians in physical laboratories who work with physical equipment, and will be useful to students who master the knowledge of experimental science. The training panel on electricity fully provides training rooms for physical classrooms, laboratories and training facilities in the section «Electrodynamics», which are used in the school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. The panel can be used by both teachers and lecturers in higher education institutions. Of course, laboratory work and demonstrations of general secondary education institutions are quite easy to modernize and adapt, which allows you to use other training panels that are presented in the market of educational equipment. But when it comes to higher education or colleges, the list of laboratory work can be significantly reduced, or simply have to use additional educational equipment and laboratory workshops. The electric training panel is a modern, school, educational equipment, which, among other things, successfully agrees with the educational norms of the new Ukrainian school and STEM education. The panel meets all requirements: language legislation, education standards, compliance with sanitary legislation, fire and electrical safety, health care requirements, etc. Also, all consumables are available for purchase in Ukraine. Key words: laboratory work, demonstration, method, training panel, education.


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