scholarly journals Susceptibility to patterns of ciprofloxacin among nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates collected in Banepa, Nepal from enteric fever patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Girija Roka ◽  
Subash Pandaya ◽  
Md. Reyad-ul Ferdous ◽  
Manson Pandey ◽  
Naba Raj Pokhrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Broth Dilution ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The present study determined the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of nalidixic acid resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS) isolated from enteric fever patients at Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Nepal, from June 2012 to December 2012. The antimicrobial sensitivity to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth dilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. <em>Salmonella</em> was isolated from 34 out of 992 (3.43%) blood cultures collected during the study period, and 10 (29.4%) isolates were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Typhi, while 24 (70.6%) were identified as <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Paratyphi. Out of the total isolates, 31 (91.2%) were nalidixic acid-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> (NARS). Among NARS, the minimum inhibitory concentration values for ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.25 to 2 mg/L and were constantly higher than those shown by the nalidixic acid-susceptible <em>Salmonella</em>. Therefore, in typhoid <em>Salmonella</em> nalidixic acid resistance may be the indicator of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Nalidixic Acid Susceptibility Test for Screening Salmonella Isolates of Reduced Susceptibility/Higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration to Ciprofloxacin

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Agrawal ◽  
R. Tuladhar ◽  
N. Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

Enteric fever is the major diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal with yearly increase in nalidixic acid resistance and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility among Salmonella isolates. This study was carried out to evaluate the validity of nalidixic acid resistance as an indicator of reduced susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to ciprofloxacin. In this study, 999 blood specimens collected from suspected enteric fever patients visiting B&B Hospital were processed by standard microbiological techniques. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and CLSI recommended interpretive criteria. MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined by agar dilution method. Isolation rate of Salmonella species was 6.21%. Among 62 Salmonella isolates, 51 were S. typhi, 10 were S. paratyphi A and one isolate was S. paratyphi B. Only one isolate of S. typhi was multi-drug resistant. Resistance to ceftriaxone, cefixime and azithromycin was nil. On disc diffusion test, 55 isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Fifty-seven isolates were found to have increased (>0.125mg/ml) MIC of ciprofloxacin with the clinical and laboratory standards institute breakpoints. Nalidixic acid resistance showed a predictive value of 100% for ciprofloxacin resistance. Screening with nalidixic acid disc had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71.43% for the determination of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Before using ciprofloxacin for the treatment of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and further development of highly resistant strains.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12122Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 97-104

Nalidixic Acid Resistance and Clonal Expansion of Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi a Isolates in Yuxi City, China

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Ying Bo Yao ◽  
Shu Kun Wang ◽  
Cong Jia Chu ◽  
Biao Kan
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Clonal Expansion ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Typing Method ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The aim of our study was to understand the nalidixic acid resistance and clonal expansion of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A (SPA) recovered from patients with paratyphoid fever A in Yuxi City from 1999 to 2008. A typing method is needed to determine the epidemic clones of the isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with 4 060 SPA isolates. 186 isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SpeI, and the MICs for nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and gatifloxacin were determined. The incidence of resistance to nalidixic acid of the isolates increased from 12.5% in 1999, 82.2% in 2000, 93.0% in 2001, to100% in 2008. Nalidixic acid-susceptible (NAS) isolates predominated in 1999 but was replaced by nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates after 2000. The frequencies of intermediary and susceptibility (Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique) to ciprofloxacin were 17.0% and 83.0% before 2005, 65.3% and 34.7% in 2008, respectively. A group of 166 NAR and 20 NAS isolates of SPA were randomly selected. SpeI digestion of 186 isolates gave nine different PFGE patterns with predominance of the SpeI01 and SpeI02 epidemic patterns. All NAR isolates studied had a reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone, the MICs were higher than that for 20 NAS isolates.We validate the use of the nalidixic acid screening test in the detection of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in SPA. PFGE patterns SpeI01 and SpeI02, the main clones of the epidemics, are highly prevalent and NAR isolates in Yuxi. Recommendation for the emergency treatments of outbreaks and epidemics caused by a fully fluoroquinolone-resistant strain can be made. PFGE with SpeI is a useful technique to differentiate SPA.

scholarly journals A study on Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients attending Shree Birendra Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raina Chaudhary ◽  
Khagendra Sijapati ◽  
Sunil Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Introduction: Enteric fever is the commonest public health problem in developing countries like Nepal. Multi Drug Resistant Salmonella isolates are in vitro susceptible to Quinolone but exhibited a higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration in vivo. Such phenomenon can be demonstrated by simple disc diffusion test of Nalidixic Acid which shows resistance. This study is conducted to determine prevalence of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella with their anti biotic sensitivity pattern at Shree Birendra Hospital, Chauni, kathmandu. Method: Of total 3945 blood samples from the patients suspected to have enteric fever were collected during the period of January 2011 to August 2011. Then it was mixed with Brain Heart Infusion , further processed according to standard methodology and their anti microbial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: From 3945 samples, 280 (7.09%) showed positi ve growth, 114 (40.7%) Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and 166 (59.2%) Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. a total of 221 (78.92%) were Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella, all these strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxcin and Ofloxacin in disc diffusion test. Conclusion: Study showed a higher frequency of Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella among the patients. screening of Nalidixic Acid disc diffusion test must be done as routine work for determination of low level resistance of Quinolone so as to decide the drug for the treatment of enteric fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v10i2.6453 Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital July-Dec 2011 10(2) 1-3

Current Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility Criteria for Salmonella Needs Re-evaluation

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Acharya ◽  
S Malla ◽  
DR Bhatta ◽  
N Adhikari ◽  
SP Dumre
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Break Point ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Zone Diameter

Background Disc diffusion technique is the routine susceptibility testing procedure for isolates of enteric fever, the most common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal. Objective To evaluated the current fluoroquinolones (FQs) susceptibility criteria and nalidixic acid screening test in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. Methods S. Typhi and Paratyphi A strains isolated from 443 suspected enteric fever patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) during April through October 2008 were analyzed. All isolates were confirmed by standard microbiological procedures including serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) approved interpretive criteria. Agar dilution method was used to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Result Out of 41 Salmonella isolates, 80.49% were nalidixic acid resistant, with S. Paratyphi A showing higher resistance rate (88.23%) compared to S. Typhi (75%). The difference in both MIC and zone diameter in nalidixic acid susceptible and nalidixic acid resistant isolates was found to be significant (P < 0.001) and decreased susceptibility to FQs was strongly correlated (sensitivity and specificity of 100%) with resistance to nalidixic acid. Regression analysis of MIC against zone diameter based on the current CLSI recommended guidelines suggests that accommodation of current susceptible and resistant MIC requires increase in the zone diameter of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion Before using these drugs for management of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to FQs is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and development of highly resistant strains. The current FQs susceptibility break point criteria for Salmonella need re-evaluation. KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL JOURNAL  VOL.10 | NO. 1 | ISSUE 37 | JAN - MAR 2012 | 24-29DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i1.6909

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Salmonella Spp Isolates in Kathmandu, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damodar Gajurel ◽  
Rabi Prakash Sharma ◽  
Krishna Dhungana ◽  
Samir Neupane ◽  
Kamal Lamsal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
October 17 ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

INTRODUCTION: Drug resistant Salmonella spp. is endemic in several Asian countries. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A show reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and have resulted in a rise in treatment failures. Over the past few decades, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella spp have emerged in Nepal as well.MATERIAL & METHODS: This is a retrospective study that aims to provide a more recent antibiogram of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates in Kathmandu. Between Poush, 2071 and Ashwin, 2072 (December 16, 2014 to October 17, 2015), 186 culture positive cases of enteric fever were diagnosed at the Civil Service Hospital. Upon isolation of S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and tetracyciline.RESULTS: This study shows a much higher frequency of nalidixic acid-resistance in Kathmandu than previously reported; 95.7% in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and 86.5% in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.The rates of ciprofloxacinand ofloxacin-resistance were over 50% in both serovar.CONCLUSION: In Nepal, it is necessary to reevaluate the use of fluoroquinolone therapy and introduce feasible alternatives so as to curb treatment failures.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5, No, 2, Page: 22-25

scholarly journals Adaptation of Esherichia coli to Antiobiotic Cycling via Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hager ◽  
Ellen Jensen ◽  
Timothy Johnson ◽  
David Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

Bacteria are quick to adapt and evolve, especially under the effects of selective pressures from chemical antibiotics. In addition, bacteria may develop resistance to antibiotics from multiple classes simultaneously, making their eradication from the human body particularly challenging. This study aims to demonstrate that bacterial multiple-drug resistance can be developed and retained in a laboratory setting. Escherichia coli B was grown in tryptic soy broth in the presence of a small, increasing concentration of streptomycin. This exposure resulted in a strain of E. coli, which had an increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards streptomycin, or “resistance.” This resistant strain was then grown in like manner in nalidixic acid and then penicillin G. The result was a strain that became resistant to streptomycin and nalidixic acid, and increasingly resistant to nalidixic acid after penicillin G exposure. Additionally, the bacteria retained resistance to streptomycin and nalidixic acid even after exposure to those chemicals ceased. Genome sequencing and comparison to E. coli B reference strain REL606 revealed the emergence of point mutations with each exposure to an antibiotic. Of particular interest is a mutation associated with the appearance of nalidixic acid resistance. Base pair 4,553,488 was changed from adenine to guanine, resulting in a change from aspartate to glycine in the protein helicase. Previous studies have not indicated mutations to this locus as nalidixic acid resistance conferring. Thus, this mutation may be a novel mutation conferring E. coli B nalidixic acid resistance. Since the region of the mutated helicase is functionally undefined, a mechanism is not apparent. Further research needs to be done to confirm this hypothesis and illuminate a mechanism. KEYWORDS: Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Evolution; Antibiotic Resistance; Nalidixic Acid; Streptomycin; Point Mutation; Single-nucleotide Polymorphism; Helicase; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

scholarly journals Comparision of Antibiotic Susceptility of Levofloxacin with Other Commonly Tested Antibiotics Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar (Typhi And Paratyphi A)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
A Chhetri ◽  
A Manandhar ◽  
Y Shah ◽  
RC Simkhada ◽  
R Paudyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results: Among 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 39 (78%) were S.Typhi and 11 (22%) were S. Paratyphi A. All the isolates were tested against antibiotics, and all isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone whereas 3 isolates of S. Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 1 was resistant to levofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistant S. ParatyphiA was not observed. Among the 10 (20%) multi drug resistant isolates, only 1 isolate was resistant to levofloxacin which was S. Typhi. Both S.Typhi (96.7%) and S. Paratyphi A (89.4%) were resistant to Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: High level of nalidixic acid resistance and even some fluoroquinolone resistance showed that the treatment of the enteric fever cannot be relied on the fluoroquinolones. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 19-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344

scholarly journals Increasing Incidence and Comparison of Nalidixic Acid-ResistantSalmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Typhimurium Isolates from Humans and Animals

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Heurtin-Le Corre ◽  
Pierre-Yves Donnio ◽  
Monique Perrin ◽  
Marie-France Travert ◽  
Jean-Loup Avril
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Animal Isolates ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

We determined the resistance to quinolone of 309 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium strains isolated from humans and animals (cattle, pigs, or poultry) in 1995 or 1996. Nalidixic acid resistance increased from 8.5% in 1995 to 18.6% in 1996. The highest resistance levels correlated with a mutation at Ser-83 (or Asp-82). All strains remained ciprofloxacin susceptible. Human and animal isolates were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and the banding patterns of the human isolates most closely matched those of the bovine isolates.

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