The study of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum in humans infectedwith immunodeficiency virus in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The study of the prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum in humans infected with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was carried out in Ile-Ife, Osun State Nigeria. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic infection P.falciparum in HIV positive individuals and correlate it to age Parasitaemia and CD4 T cell count. Out of ninety three (93) HIV positive patients that participated in the study, 53 (58.8%) were females while 40 (41.4%) were males; 48 (52.4%) females and 35 (33.8%) males were positive for asymptomatic P. falciparum given a total number of 83 (86.6%). Twenty non-HIV patients were used as control samples: 9 (45%) were males and 11 (55%) were females. With 3.0 (33.3%) males and 5 (45.45%) females were positive with insignificant value of mean Parasitaemia of 125.0µl of blood. Age group 31-40 had the highest positive rate of 26 (32.2%) and age group 11-20 and above 60 had the least of positive rate. The correlation between age and both CD4 T cell count and Parasitaemia showed levels of significance less than 0.01 (P<0.01) while the correlation between CD4 T cell and count and Parasitaemia showed no significant correlation, having P-value of P>0.05. Comparing the males mean age, CD4 T cell count and Parasitaemia with that of females there was no level of significance P-value being greater than 0.05 (P>0.05) each. In conclusion, the study showed that in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum, almost all the tested samples were positive which could be as a result of depletion in the immune level, hence there is need to always screen for Plasmodium falciparum whether in asymptomatic or symptomatic patients. The CD4 T cells count from the study can not be used for the detection or determination of the presence of malaria infection in HIV positive patients. The best method for malaria identification so far is still the staining method. There should not be discrimination when sampling the patient when investigations on HIV and malaria are to be carried out when both are infected.

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Renal Function among HIV Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: ALongitudinal Cohort Study

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/48493.14814 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bijaya Kumar Behera ◽

Sritam Acharya ◽

Sukanta Kumar Jena ◽

Keshaba Chandra Budula

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

P Value ◽

Treatment Naïve ◽

Positive Treatment ◽

The Mean ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Introduction: A large number of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients are taking combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) worldwide as it has led to dramatic improvements in them with a decreased viral load as well as an increase in Cluster of Differentiation (CD4+) T cell count. Though the incidence of HIV associated Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has decreased with the use of effective cART, the prevalence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) in HIV positive patients has increased due to the risen longevity owing to them. Aim: To study the renal function abnormalities in HIV infected patients and to compare the change in renal function of treatment naïve patients with patients on triple drug regimen (cART). Materials and Methods: This prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted on 54 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) positive HIV patients belonging to the age group of 18-70 years of both the genders over a period of two years from August 2017 to September 2019 in MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha, India. Forty nine HIV infected patients naive to cART and five patients on cART for a minimum period of three months were included in this study. All patients were treated with triple therapy regimens of either ZLN (Zidovudine 300 mg+Lamivudine 150 mg+Nevirapine 200 mg) or TLE (Tenofovir 300 mg+Lamivudine 150+Efavirenz 600 mg) daily; in a single dose at bed time. Renal function parameters like serum urea, serum creatinine, Creatinine Clearance (CrCl), estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and CD4+ T cell count of treatment naive patients were compared with the same patients on cART after six months duration. GFR was calculated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Results were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows Version 17.0. Results: Out of 54 patients, 53.7% (n=29) were males and 46.3% (n=25) were females. The mean CrCl of HIV positive patients on cART (79.09±25.705 mL/min) was higher than treatment naive (69.65±25.506 mL/min) patients and was highly significant (p-value=0.003). The mean eGFR of HIV positive patients on cART (102.711±26.9424 mL/min/1.73 m2) was higher than treatment naïve (90.189±28.2575 mL/min/1.73 m2) patients and was highly significant (p-value=0.003). The mean serum urea of HIV positive patients on cART (25.78± 4.721 mg/dL) was lower than HIV positive treatment naïve (26.19±4.742 mg/dL) patients but was non-significant (p-value=0.640). The mean serum creatinine of HIV positive patients on cART (0.815±0.1393 mg/dL) was lower than HIV positive treatment naïve patients (0.906±0.1687 mg/dL) and was also highly significant (p-value=0.003). The mean CD4+ T cell count of HIV positive patients on cART (401.63±225.816 cells/μL) was higher than HIV positive treatment naïve (287.13±198.263 cells/μL) patients and was very highly significant (p=0.001). Conclusion: Renal impairment (CrCl <60 mL/min) and eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) were higher in HIV positive treatment naive patients than those on cART. Radiological parameters like size of the kidney and cortical echogenicity became normal after six months on cART.

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Activation-Induced CD4+ T Cell Death in HIV-Positive Individuals Correlates with Fas Susceptibility, CD4+ T Cell Count, and HIV Plasma Viral Copy Number

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses ◽

10.1089/088922299309793 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 15 (17) ◽

pp. 1509-1518 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

D. H. Dockrell ◽

A. D. Badley ◽

A. Algeciras-Schimnich ◽

M. Simpson ◽

R. Schut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Copy Number ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Viral Copy Number ◽

Viral Copy ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Periodontal status in HIV-positive individuals and its possible correlation with CD4+T cell count

Chronicles of Young Scientists ◽

10.4103/2229-5186.98689 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Asif ◽

ShailaV Kothiwale ◽

K Neelima ◽

Renuka Patil

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Periodontal Status ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Anti-cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G Is Linked to CD4 T-cell Count Decay in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Elite Controllers

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciaa1129 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stephane Isnard ◽

Rayoun Ramendra ◽

John Lin ◽

Sanket Kant ◽

Brandon Fombuena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Immunoglobulin G ◽

Human Leukocyte ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Elite Controllers ◽

Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Elite controllers (ECs) are people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who spontaneously control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy. We observed that elevated anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels correlated with annual CD4 T-cell count decay in ECs independently of age, sex, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Elevated anti-CMV titers may favor disease progression in ECs.

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Tuberculosis and its association with CD4+ T cell count among adult HIV positive patients in Ethiopian settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-020-05040-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Demeke Geremew ◽

Mulugeta Melku ◽

Aklilu Endalamaw ◽

Berhanu Woldu ◽

Alebachew Fasil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

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Continued Elevation of Interleukin-18 and Interferon-γ After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Clinical Failure in a Diverse Multicountry Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohort

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofw118 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ashwin Balagopal ◽

Nikhil Gupte ◽

Rupak Shivakoti ◽

Andrea L. Cox ◽

Wei-Teng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

T Cell ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cell Count ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Clinical Failure ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Background. We assessed immune activation after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to understand clinical failure in diverse settings. Methods. We performed a case-control study in ACTG Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings (PEARLS). Cases were defined as incident World Health Organization Stage 3 or 4 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease or death, analyzed from ART weeks 24 (ART24) to 96. Controls were randomly selected. Interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured pre-ART and at ART24 in plasma. Continued elevation was defined by thresholds set by highest pre-ART quartiles (>Q3). Incident risk ratios (IRRs) for clinical progression were estimated by Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, treatment, country, time-updated CD4+ T-cell count, HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA), and prevalent tuberculosis. Results. Among 99 cases and 234 controls, median baseline CD4+ T-cell count was 181 cells/µL, and HIV RNA was 5.05 log10 cp/mL. Clinical failure was independently associated with continued elevations of IL-18 (IRR, 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–7.20), sCD14 (IRR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.02–4.62), and IFN-γ (IRR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01–0.61). Among 276 of 333 (83%) who were virologically suppressed at ART24, IFN-γ was associated with protection from failure, but the association with sCD14 was attenuated. Conclusions. Continued IL-18 and sCD14 elevations were associated with clinical ART failure. Interferon-γ levels may reflect preserved immune function.

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