scholarly journals Infectious diseases of economic importance: Molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in Tanzania from 1967 to 2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Kasanga ◽  
R. Sallu ◽  
C.A.R. Mpelumbe-Ngeleja ◽  
J. Wadsworth ◽  
N.P. Ferris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Tanzania. Since the first reports in 1954, FMD has caused significant economic losses in the country due to mortality and morbidity of livestock and costs associated with controlling the disease. The aim of this study was to review the serotype and genetic relationships of the FMD virus (FMDV) recovered from outbreaks in Tanzania, and compare them with viruses detected from elsewhere in the sub-Saharan region. At the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD), a total of 106 FMD viruses have been isolated from samples collected between 1967 and 2009 from northern, southern, eastern and central parts of Tanzania. The presence of FMDV was determined by laboratory methods such as VI, CF, antigen ELISA and RT-PCR. Phylogenies of VP1 sequences were determined by the Neighbour-joining method. Foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT1 was the most frequent serotype (46.2%; n = 49) isolated in Tanzania followed by O (26.4%; n = 27), A (14.1%; n = 15) and SAT 2 (11.3%; n = 13). Genotyping showed that type O viruses fell into either the EAST AFRICA 1 (EA-1) or EA-2 topotypes, type A’s into the AFRICA topotype (genotype I), type SAT 1’s into topotype I and type SAT 2’s into topotype IV. This study reveals that serotypes A, O, SAT1 and SAT2 cause FMD outbreaks in Tanzania. Recent samples from outbreaks in 2008, 2009 and 2010 have been typed as serotypes A, O, SAT1 and SAT2. Phylogenetic analysis of FMDV isolates from Tanzania showed that they are genetically related to lineages and topotypes from West and East Africa. In Tanzania, lack of comprehensive animal movement records and inconsistent vaccination programs make it difficult to determine the exact source of FMD outbreaks or to trace the transmission of the disease over time. Therefore, further collection and analysis of samples from domestic and wild animals, together with improved local epidemiological investigation of FMD outbreaks is required to elucidate the complex epidemiology of FMD in the sub-Saharan region.

scholarly journals Study of the genetic heterogeneity of SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in sub-Saharan Africa with specific focus on East Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sahle ◽  
R.M. Dwarka ◽  
E.H. Venter ◽  
W. Vosloo
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Unrelated Strain

The epidemiology of serotype SAT-2 foot-and-mouth disease was investigated in sub-Saharan Africa by phylogenetic analysis using the 1D gene encoding the major antigenic determinant. Fourteen genotypes were identified of which three are novel and belong to East Africa, bringing the total number of genotypes for that region to eight. The genotypes clustered into three lineages that demonstrated surprising links between East, southern and south-western Africa. One lineage was unique to West Africa. These results established numerous incursions across country borders in East Africa and long term conservation of sequences for periods up to 41 years. Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda have all experienced outbreaks from more than one unrelated strain, demonstrating the potential for new introductions. The amount of variation observed within this serotype nearly equalled that which was found between serotypes; this has severe implications for disease control using vaccination.

scholarly journals Use of a Standardized Bovine Serum Panel To Evaluate a Multiplexed Nonstructural Protein Antibody Assay for Serological Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Perkins ◽  
Satya Parida ◽  
Alfonso Clavijo
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Antibody Assays ◽  
Serological Surveillance

ABSTRACT Liquid array technology has previously been used to show proof of principle of a multiplexed nonstructural protein serological assay to differentiate foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected and vaccinated animals. The current multiplexed assay consists of synthetically produced peptide signatures 3A, 3B, and 3D and the recombinant protein signature 3ABC in combination with four controls. To determine the diagnostic specificity of each signature in the multiplex, the assay was evaluated against a naive population (n = 104) and a vaccinated population (n = 94). Subsequently, the multiplexed assay was assessed by using a panel of bovine sera generated by the World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease in Pirbright, United Kingdom. This serum panel has been used to assess the performance of other singleplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based nonstructural protein antibody assays. The 3ABC signature in the multiplexed assay showed performance comparable to that of a commercially available nonstructural protein 3ABC ELISA (Cedi test), and additional information pertaining to the relative diagnostic sensitivity of each signature in the multiplex was acquired in one experiment. The encouraging results of the evaluation of the multiplexed assay against a panel of diagnostically relevant samples promote further assay development and optimization to generate an assay for routine use in foot-and-mouth disease serological surveillance.

scholarly journals Structural and molecular basis for foot-and-mouth disease virus neutralization by two potent protective antibodies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Dong ◽  
Pan Liu ◽  
Manyuan Bai ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Rui Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Protective Antibodies

Outbreaks of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) caused by FMD virus result in significant economic losses. Vaccination is helpful, but the benefits are diminished with antigenic diversity within serotypes, instability of the immunogen and inability to confer protection for long durations. Here we have further dissected the mechanisms underpinning the protective efficacy of two previously reported neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), M8 and M170. The atomic details of the epitopes of M8 and M170 unveiled suggest that protection is conferred by disrupting the virus-receptor interactions. Consequently, administration of these NAbs conferred prophylactic and therapeutic benefit in guinea pigs, raising the possibility of administering NAbs before or during vaccination to confer immediate protection; well before the bolstering of the immune response by the vaccine. Differences in the residues and the conformation of elements making up the epitopes explain the differences in specificities of M8 and M170. An ability to bind 146S viral particles specifically, but not 12S degraded components, highlights a likely role for M170 in the quality control of vaccines.

scholarly journals Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 3A modulates cellular innate immune responses to influence host tropism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumendu Chakravarti ◽  
Caroline Wright ◽  
Emma Howes ◽  
Richard Kock ◽  
Terry Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Host Tropism ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Species Specific

The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most significant diseases of livestock, leading to large economic losses due to reduced productivity and trade embargoes for areas not certified as disease-free. The picornavirus non-structural protein 3A is involved in replication of the viral RNA genome and is implicated in host tropism of several picornaviruses. Deletions in the C-terminus of 3A have been observed in FMDV outbreaks specific for swine and such viruses are non-pathogenic in cattle. The mechanism for species specific attenuation of FMDV is unknown. We have shown that FMDV containing a C-terminal deletion in 3A is attenuated in bovine cell culture and that the attenuated phenotype can be reversed by the JAK1/2 inhibitor Ruxolitinib (Rux), identifying a role for the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in the restricted bovine tropism of the 3A-deleted virus.

scholarly journals Rapid Engineering of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine and Challenge Viruses

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo-Yong Lee ◽  
Yeo-Joo Lee ◽  
Rae-Hyung Kim ◽  
Jeong-Nam Park ◽  
Min-Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT There are seven antigenically distinct serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), each of which has intratypic variants. In the present study, we have developed methods to efficiently generate promising vaccines against seven serotypes or subtypes. The capsid-encoding gene (P1) of the vaccine strain O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 was replaced with the amplified or synthetic genes from the O, A, Asia1, C, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 serotypes. Viruses of the seven serotype were rescued successfully. Each chimeric FMDV with a replacement of P1 showed serotype-specific antigenicity and varied in terms of pathogenesis in pigs and mice. Vaccination of pigs with an experimental trivalent vaccine containing the inactivated recombinants based on the main serotypes O, A, and Asia1 effectively protected them from virus challenge. This technology could be a potential strategy for a customized vaccine with challenge tools to protect against epizootic disease caused by specific serotypes or subtypes of FMDV. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes significant economic losses. For vaccine preparation, the selection of vaccine strains was complicated by high antigenic variation. In the present study, we suggested an effective strategy to rapidly prepare and evaluate mass-produced customized vaccines against epidemic strains. The P1 gene encoding the structural proteins of the well-known vaccine virus was replaced by the synthetic or amplified genes of viruses of seven representative serotypes. These chimeric viruses generally replicated readily in cell culture and had a particle size similar to that of the original vaccine strain. Their antigenicity mirrored that of the original serotype from which their P1 gene was derived. Animal infection experiments revealed that the recombinants varied in terms of pathogenicity. This strategy will be a useful tool for rapidly generating customized FMD vaccines or challenge viruses for all serotypes, especially for FMD-free countries, which have prohibited the import of FMDVs.

Development of Protective Immunity against Inactivated Iranian Isolate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O/IRN/2007 Using Gamma Ray-Irradiated Vaccine on BALB/c Mice and Guinea Pigs

Intervirology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Motamedi-Sedeh ◽  
Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽  
Amir Reza Jalilian ◽  
Homayoon Mahravani ◽  
Kamalodin Shafaee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Fmdv Type

Objectives: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and is the most damaging disease of livestock worldwide, leading to great economic losses. The aim of this research was the inactivation of FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 to produce a gamma ray-irradiated (GRI) vaccine in order to immunize mice and guinea pigs. Methods: In this research, the Iranian isolated FMDV type O/IRN/1/2007 was irradiated by gamma ray to prepare an inactivated whole virus antigen and formulated as a GRI vaccine with unaltered antigenic characteristics. Immune responses against this vaccine were evaluated on mice and guinea pigs. Results: The comparison of the immune responses between the GRI vaccine and conventional vaccine did not show any significant difference in neutralizing antibody titer, memory spleen T lymphocytes or IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2 and IL-10 concentrations (p > 0.05). In contrast, there were significant differences in all of the evaluated immune factors between the two vaccinated groups of mice and negative control mice (p < 0.05). The protective dose 50 for the conventional and GRI vaccines obtained were 6.28 and 7.07, respectively, which indicated the high potency of both vaccines. Conclusion: GRI vaccine is suitable for both routine vaccination and control of FMDV in emergency outbreaks.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity evaluation of MS2 phage-mediated chimeric nanoparticle displaying an immunodominant B cell epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Wang ◽  
Yunchao Liu ◽  
Hua Feng ◽  
Yumei Chen ◽  
Suzhen Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Peptide Epitopes ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that has caused tremendous economic losses worldwide. In this study, we designed a chimeric nanoparticles (CNPs) vaccine that displays the predominant epitope of the serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 131-160 on the surface of MS2 phage. The recombinant protein was expressed inEscherichia Coliand can self-assemble into CNPs with diameter at 25–30 nmin vitro. A tandem repeat peptide epitopes (TRE) was prepared as control. Mice were immunized with CNPs, TRE and commercialized synthetic peptide vaccines (PepVac), respectively. The ELISA results showed that CNPs stimulated a little higher specific antibody levels to PepVac, but was significantly higher than the TRE groups. Moreover, the results from specific IFN-γ responses and lymphocyte proliferation test indicated that CNP immunized mice exhibited significantly enhanced cellular immune response compared to TRE. These results suggested that the CNPs constructed in current study could be a potential alternative vaccine in future FMDV control.

scholarly journals Phylogeographic analysis and identification of factors impacting the diffusion of Foot-and-Mouth disease virus in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Duchatel ◽  
Mark Bronsvoort ◽  
Samantha Lycett
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Fmd Virus ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACTFoot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and can lead to important and continuous economic losses for affected countries. Due to the complexity of the disease epidemiology and the lack of data there is a need to use inferential computational approaches to fill the gaps in our understanding of the circulation of FMD virus on this continent. Using a phylogeographic approach we reconstructed the circulation of FMD virus serotypes A, O and SAT2 in Africa and evaluated the influence of potential environmental and anthropological predictors of virus diffusion. Our results show that over the last hundred year the continental circulation of the tree serotypes was mainly driven by livestock trade. Whilst our analyses show that the serotypes A and O were introduced in Africa trough livestock trades, the SAT2 serotype probably originates from African wildlife population. The circulation of serotype O in eastern Africa is impacted by both indirect transmission through persistence in the environment and anthropological activities such as cattle movements.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) among sedentary cattle in northern Plateau, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiltawe Simwal Wungak ◽  
Ishola Olayinka Olabisi ◽  
Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa ◽  
David Dazhia Lazarus ◽  
Hussaini Gulak Ularamu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle and identifying the potential risk factors associated with the disease among sedentary cattle in northern part of Plateau state, Nigeria. Two hundred and seventy cattle aged from 6 months to ?3 years old were randomly selected and identified and whole blood collected from the jugular vein using plain evacuated tubes. Whole blood was processed and separated and sera were screened for foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3D non-structural proteins using blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 55.9% (95%CI: 49.96-61.77) FMD seroprevalence was obtained from the study area. Seroprevalence was highest in Riyom (82.5%), followed by Barkin Ladi (66.2%), Jos South (55.5%) and Bassa (41.2%) (x2 = 17.21, P<0.05). Risk factors for age, management system and location were significant associated (P<0.05) with seroprevalence of FMD. However, there was no significant association with sex (P>0.05). The prevalence odd ratio of FMD was more in Riyom than in Jos South, Barkin Ladi and Bassa (P<0.05). Prevalence odd ratio of FMD was more in extensively managed system relative to intensively managed system, more in adult cattle aged >2 years old. This study has indicated that FMD is an important disease among sedentary cattle in Northern Plateau, however little is currently known about the economic impact of the disease on the local farmers and their livelihoods. As a control measure, efforts should be improved on animal movement during outbreaks while prophylactic control using vaccination should be considered as another option using vaccines containing virus representative of the region.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 169-174

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