scholarly journals Hepatitis B and HIV co-infection in South Africa: Just treat it!

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia S Firnhaber ◽  
Prue Ive
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
South African ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Care Management ◽  
Concomitant Medications ◽  
Serum Aminotransferases

There are an estimated 350 million hepatitis B carriers worldwide. The prevalence of mono-infection with hepatitis B in South Africa has been estimated at approximately 10% for the rural population and 1% in urban areas. The transmission routes of hepatitis B and HIV are similar, but hepatitis B is more efficient. Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis B is therefore not unusual. Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection (using HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) as a marker for HBV) in South Africa ranges from 4.8% to 17%, depending on the population studied.The guidelines for the South African HIV Comprehensive Care, Management and Treatment (CCMT) programme do not include viral hepatitis studies. Hepatitis B serology is usually done only if serum aminotransferases are evaluated in the absence of another known cause (e.g. tuberculosis and concomitant medications). The clinical sequelae of HIV/HBV co-infection are multiple and can cause an increase in morbidity and mortality. Awareness of HBV/HIV co-infection with appropriate diagnosis and management is imperative for improved care of our HIV patients.

The distribution and significance of hepatitis B surface antigen in a rural population in Kenya

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Keenlyside ◽  
D. H. Smith ◽  
D. Hirst ◽  
A. J. Zuckerman ◽  
J. Preece
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen

DEATH ‘ON THE MOVE’: FUNERALS, ENTREPRENEURS AND THE RURAL–URBAN NEXUS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Africa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Funeral Directors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Cultural Mediators ◽  
The Dead

ABSTRACTThis article primarily concerns the intersection of the changing management of death with the problems and possibilities presented by the growing mobility of the African, and specifically Xhosa-speaking, population in South Africa from the latter half of the twentieth century to the present day. I am interested in how shifts in the practices and beliefs around death are mediated by individuals, households and businesses who have an historical affinity towards movement, particularly across what has been called the ‘rural–urban nexus’. In what ways has this more mobile orientation influenced the perception of rites and responsibilities surrounding death? And how have more mobile ‘ways of dying’ in turn created new subjectivities and new ways in which to imagine relations between the living and the dead? I argue that African funeral directors based in Cape Town and the rural areas of the Eastern Cape – a steadily more numerous and prominent group of entrepreneurs – are well-placed to shape these processes, through their role as cultural mediators and technological innovators, and their particular emphasis on maintaining a flow of bodies (both dead and alive) between rural and urban areas. I focus on two aspects of contemporary South African funerals – embalming and exhumations – that are suggestive of how the migration dynamic, and the continuing demands from mobile mourners for innovations via the funeral industry, have encouraged new perceptions of and relations to the dead body.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B and Malaria Among Nepalese Blood Donors

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Ghimire ◽  
Bishnu Bhakta Dhungyel ◽  
Bishnu Raj Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Malarial Parasite ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Donated Blood

Viral hepatitis and malaria, both are the diseases with noticeable disease burden in Nepal. Malaria is seasonal with high disease burden during post rainy season. Severe malaria also shows similar symptoms to viral hepatitis. This is collaborative study has been conducted during June - September 2006 with the objective of determining the prevalence of hepatitis B and malaria in Nepalese blood donors to find out the need of routine malaria testing in each pint of donated blood. During the study period, screening of malaria and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were done in 1200 blood samples collected from blood donors at Kathmandu, Nepalgunj and Biratnagar Blood Banks. Malaria diagnosis was done using one drop of blood from each unit of blood using Giemsa stained thick and thin smear microscopy, while hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected using commercial ELISA. Of the total 1200 blood samples analyzed, 600 were collected at Kathmandu and 300 each at Nepalgunj and Biratnagar blood banks, situated in malaria endemic southern districts. Among the total 1200 samples, 1% (12) of the sample was found reactive for HBsAg; while only 0.33 % (4) samples were positive for malarial parasite. 1.33% (8) samples from Kathmandu and 1.33% (4) samples from Nepalgunj were positive for HBV. 1% (3) samples from Nepalgunj and 0.33% (1) sample from Biratnagar were found to be positive for malarial parasite. None of the samples from Biratnagar were positive for HBsAg, while none of the samples from Kathmandu were positive for malarial parasite. All of the malaria cases were due to Plasmodium vivax. All the infected cases were male. Co-infection of malaria and HBV was not observed during the entire period of study. However more extensive study is needed in other endemic areas of Nepal, the study indicated that the continuation of screening each point of donated blood for Hepatitis B, while screening of malarial parasites in donors of endemic terai districts may be useful in preventing transmission of malaria through transfusion. Key words: Hepatitis; Malaria; ELISA; Blood donors; Blood transfusion. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2661 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 81-84

scholarly journals Decolonising African vernacular rooted sculptures of selected contemporary Nigerian and South African artists

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sule James
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
South African ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
African Art ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
Art Practices

I am interested in a decolonial reading of African vernacular rooted sculptures of selected contemporary South African and Nigerian artists and compares them. Although vernacular arts were produced in indigenous or traditional African arts context, there are still several forms of vernacular art practices jostling for space with canonical modes in contemporary art in various African contexts. However, I argue that the contemporary representations of cultural imagery and symbols from indigenous cultures or urban areas in South Africa and Nigeria suggest a different mode of engagement, even though the term vernacular is used to narrate them as a rethink in narrating art practices. Therefore, my paper argues that even though contemporary artists from both countries continue to represent cultural imagery (vernacular) in their artworks, they are not a continuation of traditional African art. I adopt formal analysis, cultural history methodologies for the critical analysis of the works of two South African and two Nigerian artists that were purposively selected and compare the ideas that unfold from the interrogations for a wider continental understanding of contemporary issues and artistic trends.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis B in BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (135) ◽  
pp. 281-283
Author(s):  
Chandra Prakash Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B

Aim of the present study is to assess prevalence of viral hepatitis B in patients attending B. P. KoiralaInstitute of Health Science Dharan, Nepal. During a period of six months (Feb 1998 to July 1998) total 300patients' sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), of which 15 (5%) were found to bepositive. The prevalence was higher (3.6%) in males than females (1.4%). The average age of males andfemales was 32 and 31 years respectively.

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