Comparison of Serum Benzo(a)pyrene Diol Epoxide – Protein Adducts Level between Kretek Cigarette Smokers and Nonsmokers and the Related Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
AgusDwi Susanto ◽  
Nofiarni Yusril ◽  
Jamal Zaini ◽  
Fariz Nuwidya
Keyword(s):  
Protein Adducts ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Diol Epoxide

scholarly journals Polytobacco product use among current cigarette smokers in Hong Kong, China: results from population surveys (2015–17)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Chau ◽  
M. P. Wang ◽  
Y. Wu ◽  
D. Y. T. Cheung ◽  
A. Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Policy ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Polytobacco product use is increasingly popular, but little is known about the prevalence, trend, and factors of such use particularly in non-western countries. Method A representative sample of 1139 current cigarette smokers aged 15+ (84.1% male) were telephone interviewed in Tobacco Control Policy-related Surveys in 2015–2017. Information collected included poly-tobacco use (PTU), smoking and socio-demographic characteristics. Associations of current PTU with related factors were analyzed using logistic regression with adjustment for confounders. Prevalence was weighted by age and sex of current cigarette users in the general population. Results Eighty-four point one percent (95% CI 81.4–86.6%) were exclusive cigarette smokers. Fifteen point nine percent (13.4–18.6%) were current polytobacco product users, 12.3% (10.2–14.8%) used one tobacco product and 2.52% (1.59–3.97%) used two tobacco products in addition to cigarette. Cigarette use with cigar was more common (6.28%, 4.75–8.27%), and the least used product with cigarette was e-cigarette (1.05%, 0.44–2.50%). The changes in overall prevalence of PTU by number of products use varied in 3 years. Current PTU was associated with being male (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.12–3.61), younger age (AORs range from 1.34–4.65, P for trend < .001) and less ready to quit (2.08, 1.09–3.97). Conclusions Prevalence of PTU increased slowly by year, one tobacco product use with cigarette was more common. The most used tobacco product with cigarette was cigar. Being male, younger and less ready to quit were associated with current PTU.

scholarly journals Use of Cigarettes With Flavor-Changing Capsules Among Smokers in the United Kingdom: An Online Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1547-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crawford Moodie ◽  
Anne Marie MacKintosh ◽  
James F Thrasher ◽  
Ann McNeill ◽  
Sara Hitchman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Flavor Changing ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Capsule ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Global Growth ◽  
Smoking Index

Abstract Introduction Cigarettes with flavor-changing capsules in the filter have experienced phenomenal global growth in the last decade. We explore sociodemographic and smoking-related factors associated with using capsule cigarettes, how frequently users burst the capsule, and reasons for using them. Methods An online survey was conducted in the United Kingdom between April and May 2016 with 6234 factory-made and/or hand-rolled cigarette smokers. This analysis focuses on 3620 factory-made cigarette smokers, aged 18 years and over, who had smoked in the past month. Results Thirteen percent smoked capsule cigarettes, with younger smokers more likely than older smokers to do so. Capsule use was significantly more common among White non-British than White British and among those planning to quit in the next 6 months than those not planning to quit. Most capsule users who crushed the capsule did so always (51%) or most of the time (18%), with more frequent crushing of capsules more common among females, younger and middle-aged participants, White British, and those with a lower score on the Heaviness of Smoking Index. The most common reasons for using capsule cigarettes were that they taste better (52%), are smoother (41%), provide a choice of flavors (32%), and the enjoyment of clicking the capsule (25%). Capsule and noncapsule smokers did not differ significantly in their perceptions of the harmfulness of their brand relative to other brands. Conclusions Our study provides an insight into how and why smokers of capsule cigarettes use these products, with the key drivers of use being taste, flavor choice, and interactivity. Implications Cigarettes with capsules in the filter that can be burst to change the flavor have experienced remarkable growth since being introduced in 2007, but little is known about how and why smokers use these products. Thirteen percent of factory-made cigarette smokers in our sample smoked a brand with a capsule in the filter, with approximately two-thirds crushing the capsule all or most of the time. Capsule use was more likely among younger participants. The main reasons for smoking capsule cigarettes were related to how they taste, having a choice of flavors, and enjoyment of clicking the capsule (interactivity).

Association of heated tobacco product use with smoking cessation in Chinese cigarette smokers in Hong Kong: a prospective study

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-055857
Author(s):  
Tzu Tsun Luk ◽  
Xue Weng ◽  
Yongda Socrates Wu ◽  
Hiu Laam Chan ◽  
Ching Yin Lau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Intentions To Quit

IntroductionHeated tobacco products (HTPs) are increasingly popular worldwide, but whether they aid or undermine cigarette abstinence remains uncertain. We examined the predictors of HTP initiation and the prospective association of HTP use with cigarette abstinence in community-based smokers in Hong Kong.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomised clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of brief advice and referral for smoking cessation. The interventions were not related to HTP use.Participants and settings1213 carbon monoxide-verified daily cigarette smokers with intentions to quit or reduce smoking proactively recruited from community sites throughout Hong KongMain exposureCurrent (past 7 day) use of HTP at baseline.Main outcomeSelf-reported 7-day point-prevalence cigarette abstinence at 6 months (exclusive use of HTP permitted).ResultsAt baseline, 201 (16.6%) and 60 (4.9%) were ever and current HTP users, respectively. During the 6-month follow-up period, 110 of 1012 (10.9%) never users at baseline initiated HTPs. Younger age and higher education significantly predicted initiation. After adjusting for sociodemographic, smoking-related and quitting-related factors, current HTP use at baseline was not associated with cigarette abstinence at 6 months (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 1.08, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.85). The results were similar in persistent users from baseline to 1-month/3-month follow-up (vs non-users; aPR 1.14, 95% CI 0.57 to 2.29). Use of smoking cessation service between baseline and 3-month follow-up significantly predicted cigarette abstinence (aPR 1.70, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.30).ConclusionHTP use was not associated with cigarette abstinence at 6 months in a community-based cohort of smokers with intentions to quit or reduce smoking.Trial registration detailsClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03565796.

scholarly journals Smoking habits and the influence of war on cigarette and shisha smoking in Syria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256829
Author(s):  
Ameer Kakaje ◽  
Mohammad Marwan Alhalabi ◽  
Ayham Alyousbashi ◽  
Ayham Ghareeb ◽  
Loura Hamid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
University Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Current Tobacco

Tobacco smoking might be impacted by various influences, including psychological, socio-cultural, and economic factors. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Syrian Arab Republic from March to April 2019 using a web-based questionnaire. The survey aimed at assessing tobacco use (shisha and cigarettes) as well as examining the association between current tobacco use and various sociodemographic and war-related factors. The sample comprised 978 participants (251 males: 727 females) and had a mean age of 24.7 years (SD: 7.60). Most participants were single (n = 825, 84.4%), reside in Damascus and Rif-Dimashq (n = 579, 59.2%), and had a college/university education (n = 911, 93.1%). Concerning smoking, a total of 371 participants (37.9%) were identified to be current tobacco smokers, of whom 211, 84, 76 were exclusive shisha smokers, exclusive cigarette smokers, and dual smokers, respectively. The prevalence of cigarette smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was found to be 34.7%, and 10.0%, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of shisha smoking (exclusive and dual) among males and females was around 34.3% and 27.6%, respectively. Additionally, various factors have predicted a higher likelihood of cigarette smoking including male gender (AOR = 4.152; 95% CI: 2.842–6.064; p<0.001), and losing someone due to the war (AOR = 1.487; 95% CI: 1.028–2.151; p = 0.035), while unemployed individuals were found to have lower odds of being cigarette smokers (AOR = 0.634; 95% CI: 0.429–0.937; p = 0.022). Concerning shisha smoking, married (AOR = 0.622; 95% CI: 0.402–0.963; p = 0.033), and unemployed individuals (AOR = 0.679; 95% CI: 0.503–0.916; p = 0.011) were found to have lower odds of shisha smoking. Amid the tobacco epidemic in the region, rates of tobacco use in Syria are still worrying. The Syrian armed conflicts may possess a double-edged effect on smoking, and tobacco users who adopt smoking to cope with various stressors should be targeted with well-structured health education, along with appropriate psychological services.

Practical Importance of Spatial Resolution and Analytical Sensitivity in AEM X-ray Microanalysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-433
Author(s):  
J. Zhang ◽  
D.B. Williams ◽  
J.I. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Excitation Volume ◽  
Two Parameters

Analytical sensitivity and spatial resolution are important and closely related factors in x-ray microanalysis using the AEM. Analytical sensitivity is the ability to distinguish, for a given element under given conditions, between two concentrations that are nearly equal. The analytical sensitivity is directly related to the number of x-ray counts collected and, therefore, to the probe current, specimen thickness and counting time. The spatial resolution in AEM analysis is determined by the probe size and beam broadening in the specimen. A finer probe and a thinner specimen give a higher spatial resolution. However, the resulting lower beam current and smaller X-ray excitation volume degrade analytical sensitivity. A compromise must be made between high spatial resolution and an acceptable analytical sensitivity. In this paper, we show the necessity of evaluating these two parameters in order to determine the low temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram.A Phillips EM400T AEM with an EDAX/TN2000 EDS/MCA system and a VG HB501 FEG STEM with a LINK AN10 EDS/MCA system were used.

Voice Therapy With Seniors: Attendance, Outcomes, and Associated Patient Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie E. Smith ◽  
Ruth Huntley Bahr ◽  
Hector N. Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Data ◽  
Voice Therapy ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Reflux Symptom Index ◽  
Voice Change ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Symptom Index ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the attendance and success rates for seniors in voice therapy, identify any contributing patient-related factors, and compare results to existing findings for younger patients. Method This retrospective study included information from the voice records of 50 seniors seen by the same speech-language pathologist in a private practice. Analysis of attendance and outcome data divided participants into 6 groups. Outcomes for Groups 1–3 (64% of patients) were considered successful (positive voice change), while outcomes for Groups 4–6 (36% of patients) were considered unsuccessful. These data were compared to similar data collected for younger adults in a previous study. Results The attendance and success rates for seniors in this study were higher than those previously reported for younger patients. Further consideration of patient factors revealed that reports of increased stress, Reflux Symptom Index scores > 13, and higher Voice Handicap Index functional subscale scores were significant in distinguishing between patients in the successful and unsuccessful treatment outcome groups. Conclusions The relatively high attendance and success rates among this sample of seniors suggest the desire to achieve voice improvement does not diminish with age, and chances for success in voice therapy among nonfrail seniors may be greater than for younger patients.

Obstacles to Claiming Permanence and Injury-Relatedness for “Posttraumatic” Headache

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Complete Recovery ◽  
World Health ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Headache ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Causative Relationship ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Subjective Reports

Abstract “Posttraumatic” headaches claims are controversial because they are subjective reports often provided in the complex of litigation, and the underlying pathogenesis is not defined. This article reviews principles and scientific considerations in the AMAGuides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) that should be noted by evaluators who examine such cases. Some examples in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, may seem to imply that mild head trauma can cause permanent impairment due to headache. The author examines scientific findings that present obstacles to claiming that concussion or mild traumatic brain injury is a cause of permanent headache. The World Health Organization, for example, found a favorable prognosis for posttraumatic headache, and complete recovery over a short period of time was the norm. Other studies have highlighted the lack of a dose-response correlation between trauma and prolonged headache complaints, both in terms of the frequency and the severity of trauma. On the one hand, scientific studies have failed to support the hypothesis of a causative relationship between trauma and permanent or prolonged headaches; on the other hand, non–trauma-related factors are strongly associated with complaints of prolonged headache.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document