Effects of dietary urea concentration on performance and health of receiving cattle and performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Duff ◽  
K. J. Malcolm-Callis ◽  
M. L. Galyean ◽  
D. A. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Effects of urea concentration for receiving and finishing cattle were examined. In exp.1, 197 newly received beef steers (188 kg) were used, and treatments included 0, 0.5, or 1.0% urea [dry matter (DM) basis] in a 70 or 75% concentrate (steamflaked corn-based) diet. A quadratic response (P < 0.05) was observed for dry matter intake (DMI) of concentrate and total DMI during days 0 to 14 with DMI lower for 0.5% urea. A quadratic (P < 0.10) increase in gain:feed for 0.5% urea was noted during days 15 to 28 and days 0 to 28. Urea concentration did not affect bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity. In exp. 2, 235 yearling beef steers (379 kg) and 126 yearling beef heifers (346 kg) were used to evaluate 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 1.75% urea concentrations in a steam-flaked sorghum grain-based diet. Average daily gain (ADG) (1.44, 1.48, 1.51, 1.47, and 1.43 kg for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 1.75% urea, respectively), DMI (9.4, 9.3, 9.6, 9.4, kg and 9.2 for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 1.75% urea, respectively), and gain:feed (0.153, 0.160, 0.157, 0.157, and 0.157 for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 1.75% urea, respectively) did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments for the overall experiment. No major differences were noted for carcass characteristics. Optimum level of dietary urea for newly received beef cattle fed 70 to 75% concentrate diets is approximately 0.5% of the DM for maximum feed efficiency and added urea concentrations did not alter performance or carcass characteristics to a great extent with steam-flaked sorghum grain-based finishing diets. Key words: Beef cattle, urea, health, performance, carcass quality

scholarly journals Impact of corn silage moisture at harvest on performance of growing steers with supplemental rumen undegradable protein, finishing steer performance, and nutrient digestibility by lambs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 761-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Henry Hilscher ◽  
Dirk B Burken ◽  
Curt J Bittner ◽  
Jana L Gramkow ◽  
Robert G Bondurant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Abstract Three experiments evaluated delaying corn silage harvest, silage concentration, and source of supplemental protein on performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing diets. Experiment 1 used 180 crossbred yearling steers (body weight [BW] = 428; SD = 39 kg) to evaluate corn silage dry matter (DM) (37% or 43%) and replacing corn with silage (15% or 45% of diet DM) in finishing diets containing 40% modified distillers grains with solubles. Experiment 2 used 60 crossbred steers (BW = 271; SD = 32 kg) to evaluate corn silage harvest DM (37% or 43%) and response to rumen undegradable protein (RUP) supplementation (0.5%, 1.4%, 2.4%, 3.3%, or 4.2% of diet DM) in silage growing diets. Experiment 3 used 9 crossbred lambs (BW = 30.1; SD = 4.1 kg) to evaluate nutrient digestibility of 37% or 43% DM corn silage in silage growing diets fed ad libitum or restricted to 1.5% of BW. In experiment 1, as corn silage concentration increased from 15% to 45%, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Carcass-adjusted final BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were lower (P ≤ 0.04) for steers fed 45% corn silage compared to 15% when fed for equal days. As DM of corn silage was increased from 37% to 43%, no differences (P ≥ 0.30) in dry matter intake (DMI), ADG, G:F, or HCW were observed. In experiment 2, as DM of corn silage increased from 37% to 43%, ADG and G:F decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Increasing supplemental RUP in the diet increased (P ≤ 0.05) ending BW, DMI, ADG, and G:F linearly as supplemental RUP increased from 0.5% to 4.2%. In experiment 3, there were no differences (P ≥ 0.56) in DM digestibility and organic matter digestibility between silage harvest DM and intake level. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) for lambs fed the delayed harvest corn silage compared to earlier corn silage harvest. As silage harvest was delayed from 37% to 43% DM, NDF digestibility decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from 64.39% to 53.41%. Although increasing corn silage concentration in place of corn in finishing diets reduced ADG and G:F, delayed silage harvest did not affect performance of finishing cattle. Delayed silage harvest in growing cattle resulted in lower ADG and G:F, possibly due to increased starch or maturity leading to decreased NDF digestibility. The addition of RUP to silage-based, growing diets improves performance by supplying more metabolizable protein and suggests RUP of corn silage is limiting.

EFFECT OF THE FEED ADDITIVES CHLORTETRACYCLINE, MONENSIN AND LASALOCID ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF FINISHING CATTLE, LIVER LESIONS AND TISSUE LEVELS OF CHLORTETRACYCLINE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. BEACOM ◽  
G. O. KORSRUD ◽  
W. D. G. YATES ◽  
J. D. MacNEIL ◽  
Z. MIR
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Liver Lesions ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Forage Diets

Charolais-sired, three way cross steers and heifers (n = 209) were fed ground high-forage diets for 56 d and then were finished on rolled grain based diets. Both diets were supplemented with chlortetracycline (CTC), monensin (MON) or lasalocid (LAS). Cattle fed the high-forage diets supplemented with MON or CTC gained faster (P < 0.05) than those fed an unsupplemented (CON) diet. Dry matter intake was also increased (P < 0.05) by CTC over animals fed the CON diet. Feed efficiency was not affected by CTC but was improved over CON by supplementation with MON or LAS. During the high-concentrate feeding period, inclusion of feed additives did not significantly improve average daily gain or dry matter intake when compared with CON. Of the carcass characteristics, only carcass weight was greater (P < 0.05) and only with CTC supplementation. Monensin and LAS inclusion significantly decreased the acetic to propionic acid ratio in rumen contents. There was no evidence that the incidence of liver lesions differed among the treatments. Analyses of liver, muscle and kidney samples from 61 animals fed CTC and 14 animals fed the CON diet produced no repeatably detectable traces of CTC. Averaged across sex and weight group, returns to labor per animal were $25.83, $61.46, $48.52 and $41.10 for the CON, CTC, MON and LAS treatments, respectively. Key words: Chlortetracycline, monensin, lasalocid, beef steers, heifers, tissue residue

Influence of barley silage:concentrate ratio on rate and efficiency of liveweight gain, diet digestibility and carcass characteristics of beef steers

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hironaka ◽  
B. Freeze ◽  
G. C. Kozub ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Forage:Concentrate Ratio ◽  
Daily Gain

Eighty steers were fed diets with eight ratios of 100:0, 75.1:24.9, 58.3:41.7, 34.4:65.6, 18.9:81.1, 8.0–92.0, 3.7:96.3 or 0:100 barley silage:concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Diets were fed to provide about equal digestible energy (DE) per unit liveweight for 24 wk, then fed to appetite until the steers reached a market weight of about 515 kg. Steers receiving the 100% silage diet were fed for ad libitum intake from week 24 to week 52 (28 wk) and were then fed 100% concentrate diet until they reached market weight. The average daily gain (ADG) of steers fed 100% silage was lower than that of those fed forage and concentrate. Efficiency of DE utilization for liveweight gain increased at a decreasing rate as level of concentrate in the diet increased. Carcass backfat thickness increased with rate of gain. Digestibility of energy, DM, crude protein (CP), and starch exhibited a curvilinear response to increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. The proportion of concentrate in the diet for maximum economic benefit depends on the cost per unit of DE from silage versus that of barley, the efficiency of DE utilization for liveweight gain and time to reach market weight. Key words: Beef cattle, barley, barley silage, forage:concentrate ratio, digestibility

COMPARISON OF SILAGES FROM DENSELY SEEDED AND CONVENTIONALLY SEEDED CORN FOR BEEF STEERS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
G. BELANGER ◽  
P. L. BURGESS
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Corn for silage was planted at two seeding rates (60 000 and 200 000 kernels ha−1) in three consecutive years and evaluated by determining yields, digestibility by sheep and performance of growing-fattening beef cattle fed the ensiled crops. Plant populations at harvest ranged over years from 53 000 to 63 000 plants ha−1 for conventional seeding and from 94 000 to 151 000 plants ha−1 for the dense seeding rate. Dense seeding increased whole-plant dry matter yield each year. Only in 1 year (1979) did dense seeding reduce the yield of dry matter in the whole ear or grain (P < 0.01). In the same crop year (1979) dense seeding reduced the dry matter and crude protein contents of the silage (P < 0.01) and the digestibilities by sheep of the dry matter and nitrogen were lower (P < 0.01) than for the conventionally seeded crop. In 2 years (1978 and 1979), when the silages were fed ad libitum with only a protein-mineral-vitamin supplement, the daily silage dry matter intake by beef cattle was lower (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) and in 1979 the average daily gain (1.06 vs. 1.14 kg d−1) was lower (P < 0.01) with silage from the dense seeding. There were no significant differences in beef performance parameters (silage dry matter intake, daily gain, and efficiency of silage conversion to daily gain) in the third year when the silages were fed with ground barley. Dense seeding of corn for silage resulted in more beef production per hectare and provides a means of reducing productivity loss due to birds feeding on the ripening ears of corn. Key words: Corn, silage, beef, dense seeding, seeding rate

scholarly journals Use of feed enzymes in feedlot finishing diets

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
L. M. Rode ◽  
D. Karren
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Feed Enzymes ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Matter Basis

An enzyme mixture with predominantly xylanase and cellulase activities was added to a high concentrate diet (92.2%, dry matter basis) and fed to growing heifers (370 kg) reared in a commercial feedlot. Enzyme supplementation had no effect on dry matter intake but increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain by 9% (1.40 to 1.53 kg d−1) and numerically improved feed-to-gain ratio by 10% (7.72 to 6.95 kg dry matter kg−1 gain). Feed enzyme technology can improve efficiency of commercial feedlot cattle production. Key words: Beef cattle, feedlot cattle, enzymes, barley

310 Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 169-169
Author(s):  
Kaue T Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Jhones O Onorino Sarturi ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Nelson O Huerta-Leidenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Thiamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Finishing Diets

Abstract The effects of a nutritional packet fed to beef steers during the final 64 d of the feedlot finishing phase on growth performance and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n = 120; initial BW = 544 ± 52 kg) were assigned to 30 pens (4 steers/pen; 15 pens/treatment) in a randomized complete block design where pen represented the experimental unit. A steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet was fed ad libitum, and treatments were applied as follows: 1) control and 2) 30 g/steer-daily (DM-basis) of the nutritional packet (containing live yeast [8.7 Log CFU of Saccharomyces cerevisiae], vitamin C [5.4 g/kg of Ascorbic acid], vitamin B1 [13.33 g/kg of Thiamine hydrochloride], sodium chloride [80 g/kg] and potassium chloride [80 g/kg]). The nutritional packet used ground corn as a carrier and was included at 1 % of diet DM. Orts were quantified daily (if any) and subtracted from the total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Unshrunk BW were collected on d 0, 21, 42 and 64 before daily feeding at 0630 h. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Average daily gain (P = 0.89), dry matter intake (P = 0.57) and, gain:feed (P = 0.66) were not affected by the inclusion of the nutritional packet. The 12th rib fat deposition was increased (P ≤ 0.02) for cattle fed the nutritional packet compared with control (15.70 vs. 13.36 mm, respectively). Consequently, calculated yield grade was also increased (P ≤ 0.03) for cattle consuming the nutritional packet (3.32 vs. 3.02). An improved carcass fat-deposition without any deleterious effects on growth performance potentially warrant less days on feed when cattle receive such nutritional packet.

Performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed a low acid-detergent lignin hull, high-oil groat oat in growing and finishing diets

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Zalinko ◽  
V J Racz ◽  
B G Rossnagel ◽  
D A Christensen ◽  
J J McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Daily Gain

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the performance and carcass traits of steers fed a low acid detergent lignin hull, high oil groat (LLH-HOG) oat in cattle diets. In trial 1, 400 steers (275.4 ± 20.8 kg) were fed one of two diets with barley or LLH-HOG oat at 37.8% of the diet (DM basis). Dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (P = 0.02) (7.49 vs. 7.72 kg d-1) and gain to feed improved (P < 0.01) (0.171 vs. 0.159 kg) for steers fed the oat-based diet. Calculated NEm (1.80 and 1.71 Mcal kg-1) and NEg (1.17 and 1.09 Mcal kg-1) values were greater for the oat-based diet. In trial 2, 240 steers (341.7 ± 18.1 kg) were fed one of three diets consisting of 88.2% barley, corn or oat grain, 5.1% barley silage and 6.7% supplement (DM basis). During finishing, steers on the oat diet had lower (P < 0.01) Average daily gain than barley- or corn-fed cattle (1.40, 1.69 and 1.84 kg d-1, respectively) reflecting lower (P < 0.01) DMI (9.56, 10.84 and 11.56 kg d-1, respectively). Ultrasound fat and longissimus dorsi (l. dorsi) area, carcass weight and dressing percentage were lower (P < 0.01) for steers fed the oat diet. Stearic acid content of the l. dorsi of oat-fed cattle was greater (P < 0.01) than barley- or corn-fed cattle. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in the muscle of oat- and corn-fed cattle was greater (P = 0.01) than that of barley-fed cattle. Results indicate that the energy value of the LLH-HOG oat is equivalent or superior to that of barley for growing cattle; however, research is required to identify why feed intake of finishing cattle fed this grain source is reduced. Key words: Low lignin hull, high-oil groat oat, barley, corn, cattle performance, carcass traits

Effects of feeding wheat middlings on production, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and carcass characteristics in beef cattle

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. ZoBell ◽  
L. A. Goonewardene ◽  
K. C. Olson ◽  
C. A. Stonecipher ◽  
R. D. Wiedmeier
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Daily Gain

Studies were conducted to compare the feed value of wheat middlings (WM) to cereal grains in rations with varying concentrate to roughage levels. In two separate studies, weaned heifers and steers were fed corn silage/alfalf a hay-based growing diets where the concentrate source was either a control diet consisting of rolled barley (heifers) or rolled corn (steers) versus WM, over an 84-d period. In a 107-d study, finishing steers were fed treatments that consisted of rolled corn (C) plus either 35% wheat middlings (WM35) or 50% wheat middlings (WM50). A single cross-over designed digestibility study was also conducted utilizing four cannulated yearling heifers fed either a corn or WM50 diet from the finishing steer study. Results from the heifer and growing and finishing steer studies showed that average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficience (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by feeding treatment. Carcass characteristics, including hot carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat, yield, quality grade and cutability were also unaffected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. Results from the digestibility studies indicated total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (P = 0.023) in the WM diet, with acetate lower (P = 0.0003) than the C group, and pH levels of 5.81 and 5.55 for the C and WM treatments respectively (P = 0.011). Dry matter and ADF digestibilities were not affected (P > 0.05) by feed treatment. It is concluded from these studies that WM can be fed to growing beef heifers and steers as an alternative to more traditional concentrate sources such as corn or barley. Wheat middlings could replace up to 50% of the concentrate in a finishing ration. However, certain ruminal fermentation characteristics such as pH, acetate: propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acids may be altered, which could affect performance over an extended feeding period. Key words: Wheat middlings, average daily gain, feed efficiency, digestibility, ruminal degradation, beef cattle

scholarly journals 401 Effect of zinc source and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of steers fed in confinement to harvest

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 160-160
Author(s):  
John Wagner ◽  
William T Nelson ◽  
Terry Engle ◽  
Jerry Spears ◽  
Jeff Heldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Zinc Source ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Ractopamine Hydrochloride ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Four hundred and thirty-two beef steers (346.3 ± 63.7 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of Zn source on feedlot cattle fed ractopamine hydrochloride. Cattle were blocked in groups of 54 by BW and housed in 48 pens containing 9 steers per pen. Pens within a weight block were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with factors being: 1) 0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM fed during the final 29 days on feed; and 2) Zn source: 90 mg of supplemental Zn/kg DM from ZnSO4; Zn sulfate (67%) + Zn methionine (33%); and Zn from Zn hydroxychloride, fed through the entire feeding period. Cattle were fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 154 d and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Average daily gain, DMI, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Zinc source had no impact on live animal performance. Cattle fed ractopamine HCl had greater (P &lt; 0.01) final BW, greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F, heavier (P &lt; 0.01) HCW, and larger (P &lt; 0.05) longissimus muscle compared to non-ractopamine supplemented steers. There was a Zn source by ractopamine interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for dressing percentage. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn hydroxychloride had a greater dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Cattle receiving ractopamine HCl with Zn sulfate had a lesser dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.05) when compared to ractopamine HCl cattle fed other Zn sources. Additional Zn source by ractopamine HCl interactions were not significant. These data indicate that Zn source has minimal impacts on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics when supplemented to cattle receiving 0.0 or 30.1 mg of ractopamine HCl/kg DM.

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