Evaluation of the disinfectant concentration used on livestock facilities in Korea during dual outbreak of foot and mouth disease and high pathogenic avian influenza

AbstractThe risk of foreign animal disease introduction continues to exist despite Canada's strict regulations concerning the importation of animals and animal products. Given the rapidity with which these diseases can spread, especially in areas with dense livestock populations, eradication efforts which rely solely on quarantine and stamping-out measures can present a formidable undertaking. This, combined with growing economic and ethical considerations, has led to renewed interest in the use of vaccination as a tool in controlling foreign animal disease outbreaks. Vaccination has effects at the individual and population levels. Efficacious vaccines reduce or prevent clinical signs without necessarily preventing virus replication. They may also increase the dose of virus needed to establish an infection and/or reduce the level and duration of virus shedding following infection. Vaccine effectiveness within a population is a function of its ability to reduce virus transmission. Transmission is best described by the reproductive ratio, R, which is defined as the average number of new infections caused by one infectious individual. By helping to reduce the R-value below 1, vaccination can be an effective adjunct in abbreviating an outbreak. Nevertheless, vaccination can also complicate serological surveillance activities that follow eradication, if the antibody response induced by vaccination is indistinguishable from that which follows infection. This disadvantage can be overcome by the use of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests. The term DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated individuals) was coined in 1999 by J. T. van Oirschot of the Central Veterinary Institute, in the Netherlands. It is now generally used as an acronym for ‘differentiating infected from vaccinated animals’. The term was originally applied to the use of marker vaccines, which are based on deletion mutants of wild-type microbes, in conjunction with a differentiating diagnostic test. The DIVA strategy has been extended to include subunit and killed whole-virus vaccines. This system makes possible the mass vaccination of a susceptible animal population without compromising the serological identification of convalescent individuals. The DIVA approach has been applied successfully to pseudorabies and avian influenza eradication, and has been proposed for use in foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever eradication campaigns. This paper will survey current vaccine technology, the host immune response, and companion diagnostic tests that are available for pseudorabies, foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza.

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Strategies to control high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in the Belgian poultry sector

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0906373v ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (5-6-1) ◽

pp. 373-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Y. Vandendriessche ◽

X. Gellynck ◽

H. Saatkamp ◽

J. Viaene

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Economic Point ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

High Pathogenic ◽

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) may pose a major threat for the Belgium poultry sector, as an outbreak of HPAI results in tremendous economic losses. In order to reduce the economic damage for an outbreak, different strategies to control HPAI are evaluated. In a first stage the structure of the Belgium poultry sector is described and risks are analyzed. The actual risks are dependent of the intensive character of poultry farming in Belgium, the large number of transport movements of living poultry, the presence of sensitive nature areas and the border with the Netherlands where the poultry density is even larger. In a second stage the possible intervention strategies are evaluated. Starting from the current regulation, two strategies are worked out: stamping out and emergency vaccination. The success of emergency vaccination is associated with the correct identification of compartments at risk, prompt deployment of emergency vaccines, rapid enforcement of appropriate complementary control measures and also the level of being ready. In a third stage an economic analysis of control strategies for HPAI outbreaks is made. Results suggest that from an economic point of view, stamping-out is at farm level a better option then emergency vaccination within the current context.

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Establishment of optimal disinfection condition of weak acid hypochlorous solution for prevention of avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission

Korean Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.14405/kjvr.2019.59.2.101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 101-104

Author(s):

Jin-Yoon Kim ◽

Dong-Sik Yun ◽

Haw-Yong Lee ◽

Woo-Seog Jeong ◽

Seung-Chun Park

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Weak Acid ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Modelling the impact of biosecurity practices on the risk of high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Australian commercial chicken farms

Preventive Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 165 ◽

pp. 8-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Glass ◽

B. Barnes ◽

A. Scott ◽

J.-A. Toribio ◽

B. Moloney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Commercial Chicken ◽

Influenza Outbreaks ◽

Biosecurity Practices ◽

The Impact ◽

High Pathogenic ◽

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza

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Foot and Mouth Disease, Rinderpest, Peste des Petits Ruminants and Avian Influenza in the Erbil, Dohuk, and Sulaimania Governorates of Iraq

Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B ◽

10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.01016.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 53 (s1) ◽

pp. 23-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. M. Dosky ◽

B. D. Ahmed ◽

U. Seitzer ◽

J. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Ammonia Disinfection of Hatchery Waste for Elimination of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02990-10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 77 (12) ◽

pp. 3960-3966 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Eva Emmoth ◽

Jakob Ottoson ◽

Ann Albihn ◽

Sándor Belák ◽

Björn Vinnerås

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Hepatitis E ◽

Inactivation Kinetics ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽

High Pathogenic ◽

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACTHatchery waste, an animal by-product of the poultry industry, needs sanitation treatment before further use as fertilizer or as a substrate in biogas or composting plants, owing to the potential presence of opportunistic pathogens, including zoonotic viruses. Effective sanitation is also important in viral epizootic outbreaks and as a routine, ensuring high hygiene standards on farms. This study examined the use of ammonia at different concentrations and temperatures to disinfect hatchery waste. Inactivation kinetics of high-pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N3, as representatives of notifiable avian viral diseases, were determined in spiked hatchery waste. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, feline coronavirus, and feline calicivirus were used as models for other important avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian hepatitis E virus. Bacteriophage MS2 was also monitored as a stable indicator. Coronavirus was the most sensitive virus, with decimal reduction (D) values of 1.2 and 0.63 h after addition of 0.5% (wt/wt) ammonia at 14 and 25°C, respectively. Under similar conditions, high-pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was the most resistant, withDvalues of 3.0 and 1.4 h. MS2 was more resistant than the viruses to all treatments and proved to be a suitable indicator of viral inactivation. The results indicate that ammonia treatment of hatchery waste is efficient in inactivating enveloped and naked single-stranded RNA viruses. Based on theDvalues and confidence intervals obtained, guidelines for treatment were proposed, and one was successfully validated at full scale at a hatchery, with MS2 added to hatchery waste.

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