scholarly journals Orbital and intracranial complications after acute rhinosinusitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
Jan Kastner ◽  
Milos Taudy ◽  
Jiri Lisy ◽  
Paul Grabec ◽  
Jan Betka
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Intracranial Abscess ◽  
Acute Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Cerebral Pathology ◽  
Intracranial Complications ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Orbital Complication ◽  
The Brain

Background/objectives: Nowadays, intracranial abscess is a rare complication of acute rhinosinusitis. The consequent orbital and intracranial complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but must be mutually excluded in complicated rhinosinusitis even when proper surgical and medical treatment tend to efficiently heal the orbital complication. Methods: We report a case of a patient who primarily revealed symptoms of orbitocellulitis as a complication of odontogenous rhinosinusitis. Proper diagnostic and therapeutical measures were undertaken to manage the disease immediately after stationary admission. Results: Two weeks after an inconspicuous healing period, hemiparesis due to formation of an intracranial abscess developed. An emergent situation reveals which was unusual to the clinical situation. Conclusion: The possible role of underlying mechanisms of intracranial abscess formation is discussed and review of literature concerning orbital and intracranial rhinosinusitis complications is performed. The correct indication of imaging methods and accurate evaluation of diminutive symptoms are essential. We assume that performance of a complementary CT of the brain or MRI even when previous CT scan of the orbit/paranasal sinuses reveals no cerebral pathology should be done to avoid or minimize future patients with consecutive orbital and intracranial complications of acute rhinosinusitis.

scholarly journals Orbital and intracranial complications after acute rhinosinusitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
J. Kastner ◽  
J. Lisy ◽  
M. Taudy ◽  
P. Grabec ◽  
J. Betka
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Intracranial Abscess ◽  
Acute Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Cerebral Pathology ◽  
Intracranial Complications ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Orbital Complication ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nowadays, intracranial abscess is a rare complication of acute rhinosinusitis. The consequent orbital and intracranial complications of acute rhinosinusitis are rare but must be mutually excluded in complicated rhinosinusitis even when proper surgical and medical treatment tend to efficiently heal the orbital complication. METHODS: We report a case of a patient who primarily revealed symptoms of orbitocellulitis as a complication of odontogenous rhinosinusitis. Proper diagnostic and therapeutical measures were undertaken to manage the disease immediately after stationary admission. RESULTS: Two weeks after an inconspicuous healing period, hemiparesis due to formation of an intracranial abscess developed. An emergent situation reveals which was unusual to the clinical situation. CONCLUSION: The possible role of underlying mechanisms of intracranial abscess formation is discussed and review of literature concerning orbital and intracranial rhinosinusitis complications is performed. The correct indication of imaging methods and accurate evaluation of diminutive symptoms are essential. We assume that performance of a complementary CT of the brain or MRI even when previous CT scan of the orbit/paranasal sinuses reveals no cerebral pathology should be done to avoid or minimize future patients with consecutive orbital and intracranial complications of acute rhinosinusitis.

Forward Dendritic Spikes

2011 ◽  
pp. 42-59
Author(s):  
Oscar Herreras ◽  
Julia Makarova ◽  
José Manuel Ibarz
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Remarkable Property ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Dendritic Spikes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Neurons send trains of action potentials to communicate each other. Different messages are issued according to varying inputs, but they can also mix them up in a multiplexed language transmitted through a single cable, the axon. This remarkable property arises from the capability of dendritic domains to work semi autonomously and even decide output. We review the underlying mechanisms and theoretical implications of the role of voltage-dependent dendritic currents on the forward transmission of synaptic inputs, with special emphasis in the initiation, integration and forward conduction of dendritic spikes. When these spikes reach the axon, output decision was made in one of many parallel dendritic substations. When failed, they still serve as an internal language to transfer information between dendritic domains. This notion brakes with the classic view of neurons as the elementary units of the brain and attributes them computational/storage capabilities earlier billed to complex brain circuits.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research: A state-of-the-art review of the method and findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Word Level ◽  
On Line ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie on-line processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho-and neurolinguistic techniques-eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs)-and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

scholarly journals Six-legged walking in insects: how CPGs, peripheral feedback, and descending signals generate coordinated and adaptive motor rhythms

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salil S. Bidaye ◽  
Till Bockemühl ◽  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
Descending Influences ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Walking is a rhythmic locomotor behavior of legged animals, and its underlying mechanisms have been the subject of neurobiological research for more than 100 years. In this article, we review relevant historical aspects and contemporary studies in this field of research with a particular focus on the role of central pattern generating networks (CPGs) and their contribution to the generation of six-legged walking in insects. Aspects of importance are the generation of single-leg stepping, the generation of interleg coordination, and how descending signals influence walking. We first review how CPGs interact with sensory signals from the leg in the generation of leg stepping. Next, we summarize how these interactions are modified in the generation of motor flexibility for forward and backward walking, curve walking, and speed changes. We then review the present state of knowledge with regard to the role of CPGs in intersegmental coordination and how CPGs might be involved in mediating descending influences from the brain for the initiation, maintenance, modification, and cessation of the motor output for walking. Throughout, we aim to specifically address gaps in knowledge, and we describe potential future avenues and approaches, conceptual and methodological, with the latter emphasizing in particular options arising from the advent of neurogenetic approaches to this field of research and its combination with traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Linoleic acid–good or bad for the brain?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameer Y. Taha
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIncreased intake of omega-6 rich plant oils such as soybean and corn oil over the past few decades has inadvertently tripled the amount of n-6 linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) in the diet. Although LA is nutritionally “essential”, very little is known about how it affects the brain when present in excess. This review provides an overview on the metabolism of LA by the brain and the effects of excess dietary LA intake on brain function. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that excess dietary LA increases the brain’s vulnerability to inflammation and likely acts via its oxidized metabolites. In humans, excess maternal LA intake has been linked to atypical neurodevelopment, but underlying mechanisms are unknown. It is concluded that excess dietary LA may adversely affect the brain. The potential neuroprotective role of reducing dietary LA merits clinical evaluation in future studies.

Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova-Chanturia
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie online processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho- and neurolinguistic techniques — eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) — and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are.

scholarly journals Central pontine myelinolysis: not just a low sodium issue

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Titus ◽  
Luthando Vazi ◽  
Tholakele Sabela ◽  
Mogamat-Yazied Chothia
Keyword(s):  
Rare Complication ◽  
Central Pontine Myelinolysis ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Severe Hyponatraemia ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Pontine Myelinolysis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Central Pontine

Osmotic demyelination syndrome is a rare complication following treatment of chronic hyponatraemia. We describe a case of a middle-aged man known with hypertension and hypothyroidism who presented with a reduced level of consciousness and a generalised convulsion. Laboratory results revealed severe hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia. Following rapid overcorrection of the serum sodium concentration, his level of consciousness remained unchanged, and he developed quadriplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). The patient died 3 weeks after hospitalisation. Other than rapid overcorrection of chronic hyponatraemia, this case also highlights the important role of potassium in the pathogenesis of CPM. Therefore, when severe chronic hyponatraemia is accompanied by hypokalaemia, the latter should be corrected first to further reduce the risk of CPM.

scholarly journals The role of the brainstem in migraine: Potential brainstem effects of CGRP and CGRP receptor activation in animal models

Cephalalgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Robert Holland ◽  
Chonlawan Saengjaroentham ◽  
Marta Vila-Pueyo
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

Background Migraine is a severe debilitating disorder of the brain that is ranked as the sixth most disabling disorder globally, with respect to disability adjusted life years, and there remains a significant unmet demand for an improved understanding of its underlying mechanisms. In conjunction with perturbed sensory processing, migraine sufferers often present with diverse neurological manifestations (premonitory symptoms) that highlight potential brainstem involvement. Thus, as the field moves away from the view of migraine as a consequence of purely vasodilation to a greater understanding of migraine as a complex brain disorder, it is critical to consider the underlying physiology and pharmacology of key neural networks likely involved. Discussion The current review will therefore focus on the available evidence for the brainstem as a key regulator of migraine biology and associated symptoms. We will further discuss the potential role of CGRP in the brainstem and its modulation for migraine therapy, given the emergence of targeted CGRP small molecule and monoclonal antibody therapies. Conclusion The brainstem forms a functional unit with several hypothalamic nuclei that are capable of modulating diverse functions including migraine-relevant trigeminal pain processing, appetite and arousal regulatory networks. As such, the brainstem has emerged as a key regulator of migraine and is appropriately considered as a potential therapeutic target. While currently available CGRP targeted therapies have limited blood brain barrier penetrability, the expression of CGRP and its receptors in several key brainstem nuclei and the demonstration of brainstem effects of CGRP modulation highlight the significant potential for the development of CNS penetrant molecules.

Intracranial Complications of Sinusitis in Children

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Brook ◽  
Ellen M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Abscess ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surgical Drainage ◽  
Intracranial Abscess ◽  
Periapical Abscess ◽  
Intracranial Complications ◽  
Maxillary Sinuses

The cases of two children with periapical abscess in the upper incisors, sinusitis, and intracranial abscess are described. The ethmoid and maxillary sinuses were involved in both patients. Subdural empyema occurred in both, and one of the children had also cerebritis and brain abscess. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the infected subdural empyemas. Peptostreptococcus intermedius and microaerophilic streptococci were recovered in one patient and Fusobacterium sp in the other. Surgical drainage and appropriate antimicrobial therapy resulted in complete eradication of the infection in both patients. The role of anaerobic bacteria and the therapy directed against them in periapical abscess and the sinusitis and intracranial abscess which follow are discussed.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research: A state-of-the-art review of the method and findings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Word Level ◽  
On Line ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie on-line processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho-and neurolinguistic techniques-eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs)-and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are. © John Benjamins Publishing Company.

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