Plasmodium Vivax: Freeze-Fracture Studies on the Ultrastructure of the Sporozoites within the Salivary Gland of the Mosquito Anopheles Stephensi

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. M. Meszoely ◽  
Eric R. Erbe ◽  
William P. Wergin ◽  
Stephen L. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Freeze Fracture

scholarly journals Optimization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite production from Anopheles stephensi in South West India

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajeet Kumar Mohanty ◽  
Charles de Souza ◽  
Deepika Harjai ◽  
Prathamesh Ghavanalkar ◽  
Mezia Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Gametocyte Density ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
South West ◽  
Membrane Feeding

Abstract Background Efforts to study the biology of Plasmodium vivax liver stages, particularly the latent hypnozoites, have been hampered by the limited availability of P. vivax sporozoites. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. Using P. vivax patient blood samples, a series of standard membrane-feeding experiments were performed with An. stephensi under the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA). The goal was to understand the dynamics of parasite development in mosquitoes as well as the production of P. vivax sporozoites. To obtain a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites, mosquito-rearing and mosquito membrane-feeding techniques were optimized, which are described here. Methods Membrane-feeding experiments were conducted using both wild and laboratory-colonized An. stephensi mosquitoes and patient-derived P. vivax collected at the Goa Medical College and Hospital. Parasite development to midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites was assessed on days 7 and 14 post-feeding, respectively. The optimal conditions for mosquito rearing and feeding were evaluated to produce high-quality mosquitoes and to yield a high sporozoite rate, respectively. Results Laboratory-colonized mosquitoes could be starved for a shorter time before successful blood feeding compared with wild-caught mosquitoes. Optimizing the mosquito-rearing methods significantly increased mosquito survival. For mosquito feeding, replacing patient plasma with naïve serum increased sporozoite production > two-fold. With these changes, the sporozoite infection rate was high (> 85%) and resulted in an average of ~ 22,000 sporozoites per mosquito. Some mosquitoes reached up to 73,000 sporozoites. Sporozoite production could not be predicted from gametocyte density but could be predicted by measuring oocyst infection and oocyst load. Conclusions Optimized conditions for the production of high-quality P. vivax sporozoite-infected An. stephensi were established at a field site in South West India. This report describes techniques for producing a ready resource of P. vivax sporozoites. The improved protocols can help in future research on the biology of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites, in India, as well as the development of anti-relapse interventions for vivax malaria.

scholarly journals Genetic changes of Plasmodium vivax tempers host tissue-specific responses in Anopheles stephensi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seena Kumari ◽  
Charu Chauhan ◽  
Sanjay Tevatiya ◽  
Deepak Singla ◽  
Tanwee Das De ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Tissue Specific

Characterization and Identification of Exflagellation-Inducing Factor in the Salivary Gland of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. 859-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Hirai ◽  
Jichun Wang ◽  
Shigeto Yoshida ◽  
Akira Ishii ◽  
Hiroyuki Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi

scholarly journals Salivary AsHPX12 influence pre-blood meal associated behavioral properties in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seena Kumari ◽  
Tanwee Das De ◽  
Charu Chauhan ◽  
Jyoti Rani ◽  
Sanjay Tevatiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Attraction ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Rnaseq Data ◽  
Transcriptional Modulation ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis

AbstractIn the adult female mosquito, successful blood meal acquisition is accomplished by salivary glands, which releases a cocktail of proteins to counteract vertebrate host’s immune-homeostasis. However, the biological relevance of many salivary proteins remains unknown. Here, we characterize a salivary specific Heme peroxidase family member HPX12, originally identified from Plasmodium vivax infected salivary RNAseq data of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. We demonstrate that dsRNA silencing mediated mRNA depletion of salivary AsHPX12 (80-90%), causes enhanced host attraction but reduced blood-meal acquisition abilities, by increasing probing propensity (31%), as well as probing time (100–200s, P<0.0001) as compared to control (35-90s) mosquitoes group. Altered expression of the salivary secretory and antennal proteins may account for an unusual fast release of salivary cocktail proteins, but the slowing acquisition of blood meal, possibly due to salivary homeostasis disruption of AsHPX12 silenced mosquitoes. A parallel transcriptional modulation in response to blood feeding and P. vivax infection, further establish a possible functional correlation of AsHPX12 role in salivary immune-physiology and Plasmodium sporozoites survival/transmission. We propose that salivary HPX12 may have a vital role in the management of ‘pre- and post’-blood meal associated physiological-homeostasis and parasite transmission.Graphical abstractFigure 1:Schematic representation of mosquito’s blood meal acquisition and upshot on blood-feeding after silencing of salivary gland HPX-12. (A) After landing over host skin, mosquito mouthparts (proboscis) actively engaged to search, probe, and pierce the skin followed by a rapid release of the pre-synthesized salivary cocktail, which counteracts the host homeostasis, inflammation, and immune responses, during blood meal uptake. (B) Silencing of HPX-12 disrupts salivary gland homeostasis, enhancing mosquito attraction, possibly by up-regulating odorant-binding proteins genes-OBP-7,10 and OBP-20 expression in the Olfactory System. However, HPX-12 disruption may also cause significant effects on pre-blood meal associated probing abilities, which may be due to fast down-regulation of salivary cocktail proteins such as Anopheline, Apyrase, D7L proteins.

scholarly journals Proteogenomic analysis of the total and surface-exposed proteomes of Plasmodium vivax salivary gland sporozoites

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e0005791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian E. Swearingen ◽  
Scott E. Lindner ◽  
Erika L. Flannery ◽  
Ashley M. Vaughan ◽  
Robert D. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax

scholarly journals Depletion of salivary gland proteins in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera : Culicidae) on blood feeding, and induction of antibodies to the proteins in mice being fed

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki MATSUOKA ◽  
Hisashi MATSUBARA ◽  
Philomene WAIDHET ◽  
Tomoyuki HASHIMOTO ◽  
Akira ISHII ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Blood Feeding

Inhibitory action of the anti-malarial compound atovaquone (566C80) against Plasmodium berghei ANKA in the mosquito, Anopheles stephensi

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Fowler ◽  
P. F. Billingsley ◽  
M. Pudney ◽  
R. E. Sinden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Circumsporozoite Protein ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei Anka ◽  
Potent Inhibitory Activity

SUMMARYThe activity of atovaquone against Plasmodium berghei ANKA during sporogonic development has been examined. Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed on gametocyte infected mice which had been treated 8 h previously with atovaquone or diluent alone. Mosquito midguts were examined for oocysts, and salivary gland infections were estimated using an ELISA for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). The number of oocysts per midgut fell by at least 97% when mosquitoes were fed on mice dosed with 0·1–10 mg atovaquone/kg body weight. This was paralleled by a decrease in the prevalence of oocyst-infected mosquitoes from 70–90% in controls to 40% or 10% respectively. No oocysts were observed at a dose of 100 mg/kg. CSP ELISA results indicated that mosquitoes fed on atovaquone failed to produce sporozoites. Mosquitoes which fed on gametocytaemic, atovaquone-treated mice (0·1–100 mg/kg) did not transmit malaria to naive mice. These results demonstrate that atovaquone has a highly potent inhibitory activity against the mosquito stages of P. berghei.

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