Lower Extremity and Brake Pedal Interaction in Frontal Collisions: Computer Simulation

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Rudd ◽  
E. M. Sieveka ◽  
J. R. Crandall ◽  
J. Pellettiere ◽  
S. Lynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Frontal Collisions

Lower Extremity and Brake Pedal Interaction in Frontal Collisions: Sled Tests

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Rudd ◽  
J. R. Crandall ◽  
C. R. Bass ◽  
S. Lynn ◽  
J. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Frontal Collisions

Biomechanical Analysis of Late Airbag Deployment in Motor Vehicle Crashes Using Computer Simulation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Frieder ◽  
Sri Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Seat Belts ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Restraint Use ◽  
Airbag Deployment ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Frontal Collisions

Motor vehicle collisions frequently result in serious or fatal inuries to occupants [1–4]. Frontal collisions are amongst the most severe types of accidents. The use of safety systems such as seat belts and airbags has been shown to reduce the severity of injuries sustained by occupants [5–10]. It is well known that frontal airbags act as supplemental restraints to seat belts in protecting occupants. Airbag deployment occurs through a reaction of chemicals in the inflator that rapidly produces gas and fills the canvas bag. The filled bag acts a cushion between the occupant and the vehicle’s interior components. The supplemental restraint provided by the airbag increases the amount of time and distance over which the occupant’s body decelerates, and accordingly reduces the potential for injury. The time at which the airbag deployment is initiated during the crash sequence can have an effect on the nature of the contact between occupant and airbag. Though properly timed, frontal airbags have been shown to reduce injuries sustained to occupants[11], it has been reported that airbags that deploy too late may cause injury[12]. To date, there have been a very limited number of studies that have addressed the biomechanical effects of late airbag deployment. The purpose of this study is to determine the biomechanical effects of late airbag deployment and restraint use on various sizes of occupants through computer simulation.

The effects of seat position and lower extremity kinematics on automobile brake pedal force capability

1989 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Kornelia Kulig ◽  
Rebecca Cathers ◽  
Cheryl Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Seat Position ◽  
Pedal Force

scholarly journals Pre-Impact Lower Extremity Posture and Brake Pedal Force Predict Foot and Ankle Forces During an Automobile Collision

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Hardin ◽  
A. Su ◽  
A. J. van den Bogert
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Brake Pedal ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Joint Force ◽  
Pedal Force ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
The Impact

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how a driver’s foot and ankle forces during a frontal vehicle collision depend on initial lower extremity posture and brake pedal force. Method of Approach: A 2D musculoskeletal model with seven segments and six right-side muscle groups was used. A simulation of a three-second braking task found 3647 sets of muscle activation levels that resulted in stable braking postures with realistic pedal force. These activation patterns were then used in impact simulations where vehicle deceleration was applied and driver movements and foot and ankle forces were simulated. Peak rearfoot ground reaction force FRF, peak Achilles tendon force FAT, peak calcaneal force FCF and peak ankle joint force FAJ were calculated. Results: Peak forces during the impact simulation were 476±687NFRF, 2934±944 N FCF and 2449±918 N FAJ. Many simulations resulted in force levels that could cause fractures. Multivariate quadratic regression determined that the pre-impact brake pedal force (PF), knee angle (KA) and heel distance (HD) explained 72% of the variance in peak FRF, 62% in peak FCF and 73% in peak FAJ. Conclusions: Foot and ankle forces during a collision depend on initial posture and pedal force. Braking postures with increased knee flexion, while keeping the seat position fixed, are associated with higher foot and ankle forces during a collision.

Characterization of Modulated Structure Through Structure Images and their Computer Simulation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Kiyomichi Nakai ◽  
Yusuke Isobe ◽  
Chiken Kinoshita ◽  
Kazutoshi Shinohara
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
Modulated Structure ◽  
Resolution Electron

Induced spinodal decomposition under electron irradiation in a Ni-Au alloy has been investigated with respect to its basic mechanism and confirmed to be caused by the relaxation of coherent strain associated with modulated structure. Modulation of white-dots on structure images of modulated structure due to high-resolution electron microscopy is reduced with irradiation. In this paper the atom arrangement of the modulated structure is confirmed with computer simulation on the structure images, and the relaxation of the coherent strain is concluded to be due to the reduction of phase-modulation.Structure images of three-dimensional modulated structure along <100> were taken with the JEM-4000EX high-resolution electron microscope at the HVEM Laboratory, Kyushu University. The transmitted beam and four 200 reflections with their satellites from the modulated structure in an fee Ni-30.0at%Au alloy under illumination of 400keV electrons were used for the structure images under a condition of the spherical aberration constant of the objective lens, Cs = 1mm, the divergence of the beam, α = 3 × 10-4 rad, underfocus, Δf ≃ -50nm and specimen thickness, t ≃ 15nm. The CIHRTEM code was used for the simulation of the structure image.

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