scholarly journals Evaluation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) advanced breeding lines for resistance to cercospora leaf spots and rust diseases in Kano State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
N.H. Bashir ◽  
B.T. Edun ◽  
B.N. Motagi ◽  
H Sule
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Rust Diseases

scholarly journals Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. D. Smith ◽  
T. E. Boswell ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Disease Pressure

Abstract Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum. Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner. Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.

Comparison of Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars and Interspecific Hybrid Derived Breeding Lines for Leaf Spot Resistance, Yield, and Grade

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Spots

Abstract Disease resistant cultivars with good quality are needed by U.S. peanut growers to lower production costs. In the Virginia-Carolina (V-C) production area, use of resistant cultivars to reduce leaf spots would be a cost-effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemical applications. Twenty-six interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines with 5 Arachis species in their pedigrees, six resistant A. hypogaea checks and 11 susceptible cultivars were evaluated for leaf spot resistance in field tests at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston, NC from 2004 to 2006 without leaf spot fungicides. Defoliation was rated on a 1–9 proportional scale with 1  =  no defoliation (resistant) and a 9  =  complete defoliation (susceptible). The mean defoliation score of the cultivars was 6.8±0.1 (range  =  6.4 to 7.4), compared to 5.3±0.1 (range  =  4.4 to 6.3) for the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines. Some of the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines showed levels of leaf spot resistance similar to the resistant A. hypogaea checks (mean  =  4.3±0.2), suggesting that these breeding lines contain genes conditioning resistance to the leaf spots. The combined mean yield of the cultivars was 2709±103 kg/ha (range  =  2296 kg/ha to 3070 kg/ha), whereas that of the interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines was 3169±119 kg/ha (range  =  2467 kg/ha to 3767 kg/ha). Evaluation of selected grade characteristics showed that several interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines have grade similar to those of the commercial cultivars. Sixteen of the 26 interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines with five different diploid species in their pedigrees and NC 7, the commercial flavor standard for the V-C area, were also evaluated for sensory quality. No significant variation among test entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, or bitter sensory attributes. This suggests that high levels of leaf spot resistance can be combined with superior yield, grade and other quality factors and that some of these lines may become useful for commercial production in the V-C area.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Three Fern Extracts on Causative Agents of Groundnut Early Leaf Spot and Rust Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitherian Sahayaraj ◽  
Jesu Francis Borgio ◽  
Ganapathy Raju
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Weight Method

Antifungal Activity of Three Fern Extracts on Causative Agents of Groundnut Early Leaf Spot and Rust DiseasesAntimycotic activity of three fern extracts fromHemionitis arifolia(Burm.f.) Moore.,Pteridium aquilinum(Linn.) Kuhn. andChristella parasitica(Linn.) H. Lev. were evaluated against groundnut early leaf spot and rust disease causative agentsviz., Puccinia arachidisSpeg. andPhaeoisariopsis personata(Berk & M.A. Cuortis) Vanarx., espectively by mycelial dry weight method. Both the fungi were sensitive to all the three fern extracts tested. Among the extracts, chloroform extract ofH. arifoliawas found to have maximum antifungal activity against both fungi. Between these two fungi,P. personatawas found to be more sensitive to the tested plant extracts thanP. arachidis.From this study it is concluded that chloroform extract fromH. arifoliacan be utilized for managing rust and leaf spots diseases on groundnut.

scholarly journals Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in ICRISAT’s mini core collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sudini ◽  
Hari D. Upadhyaya ◽  
S. V. Reddy ◽  
U. Naga Mangala ◽  
A. Rathore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Late Leaf Spot ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

No-Pesticide Preliminary Yield Trials in Peanut1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Branch ◽  
S. M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Yield Trials

Abstract Pest-resistant peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are critically important to reduce the increasing cost of production. Current pesticides used in the U.S. are effective but very expensive. The objective of this study was to evaluate several advanced Georgia breeding lines when grown without nematicides, fungicides, or insecticides. Preliminary yield trials without pesticides were conducted for 3 yr (1996-98) at the Univ. of Georgia, Coastal Plain Exp. Sta. under irrigation. However, preplant and occasionally post-applied herbicides were used for weed control. Thrips damage was noticeably uniform and severe early in the growing season each year, but plants seemingly recovered by midseason. Probably the most endemic diseases in the Southeast are both early and late leaf spots [Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, respectively] and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Results from replicated field tests strongly suggest that it would be economically feasible to significantly reduce pesticide cost by growing multiple pest-resistant advanced Georgia breeding lines as compared to the five check cultivars Florunner, GK-7, Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, and Georgia Browne. However, dollar values were variable and low with no pesticides because of the overall reduction in yield. An alternative approach for greater net returns possibly may be achieved by only reducing currently recommended input costs rather than eliminating pesticides with pest resistant cultivars.

scholarly journals Peanut Peg Strength and Associated Pod Yield and Loss by Cultivar

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Sorensen ◽  
R.C. Nuti ◽  
C.C. Holbrook ◽  
C.Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Stems And Leaves

ABSTRACT Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) peg strength and associated pod yield and digging loss were documented for nine cultivars and two breeding genotypes across three harvest dates (early, mid, and late season) at two Southwest Georgia locations during 2010 and 2011. Cultivars selected were Georgia Green, Georgia Greener, Georgia-02C, Georgia-06G, Georgia-07W, Georgia-09B, Georgia-10T, Florida-07, Tifguard, and advanced breeding lines EXP27-1516 and TifGP-2. Prior to digging, a minimum of three peanut plants from each plot were selected and excess stems and leaves were removed with scissors leaving individual peanut pegs and pods with about 5-cm of stem. Each peanut pod was placed in a “U” shaped metal bracket attached to an electronic force gauge and the stem was pulled manually until the pod detached. After digging and combining, a tractor-mounted scavenger machine was used to collect pods remaining in the soil. Peg strength was greater at Dawson (6.14 N) compared to Tifton (5.28 N) in 2010 but were similar in 2011 (4.51 and 4.39 N, respectively). Dawson had consistently higher yields (5326 kg/ha) and lower pod loss (562 kg/ha) compared with Tifton (3803 kg/ha and 936 kg/ha, respectively). Peanut cultivars with greater peg strength across locations were Georgia-06G, Florida-07, and Georiga-02C. Cultivar Georiga-06G showed the greatest yield across locations and years. Other cultivars may have had stronger peg strength, greater pod yield, or lower pod loss but none were more consistent than these three cultivars across years, locations, and harvest dates.

scholarly journals Accomplishments in wheat rust research in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (11/12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias A. Pretorius van der Walt ◽  
Renée Prins ◽  
Elsabet Wessels ◽  
Cornel M. Bender ◽  
Botma Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Rust Diseases ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Wheat Rust

Rust diseases, although seasonal, have been severe constraints in wheat production in South Africa for almost 300 years. Rust research gained momentum with the institution of annual surveys in the 1980s, followed by race identification, an understanding of rust epidemiology, and eventually a focused collaboration amongst pathologists, breeders and geneticists. Diversity in South African populations of Puccinia triticina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici has been described and isolates are available to accurately phenotype wheat germplasm and study pathogen populations at national, regional and global levels. Sources of resistance have been, and still are, methodically analysed and molecular marker systems were developed to incorporate, stack and verify complex resistance gene combinations in breeding lines and cultivars. Vigilance, capacity, new technologies, collaboration and sustained funding are critical for maintaining and improving the current research impetus for future management of these important diseases.

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