Change in organoleptic properties of minced meat when including fern Orlyak

В статье представлены исследования органолептических свойств модельных образцов мясных фаршей из конины с включением разного количества консервированного папоротника Орляк ( Pteridium aquilinum ). Результаты исследований свидетельствуют о том, что использование соленых побегов папоротника в количестве 15 % в рецептуре котлет из конины обеспечивает высокие потребительские показатели готового продукта. Разработана рецептура котлет «Бурятские новые» пониженной калорийности с высокими потребительскими свойствами. The article presents a study of the organoleptic properties of model samples of minced horse meat with the inclusion of different amounts of canned Orlyak fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Research results indicate that the use of salted fern shoots in the amount of 15% in the formulation of horse meat cutlets provides high consumer performance of the finished product. A recipe for «New Buryat» cutlets of low calorie content with high consumer properties has been developed.

The structure and diversity of vegetation treelets of tropical mountain forest on mount Bawakaraeng

The study about the diversity and structure of treelet vegetation in three slope areas on the mountainous forest of mount Bawakaraeng, Regency of Gowa, Province of South Sulawesi had been done. There were 17 species of treelets throughout the study area, from 13 families and 16 genera. The Asteraceae family has the highest number of species with 3 species, followed by Fabaceae and Solanaceae which each has 2 species. Pteridium aquilinum, Chromolaena odorata, Breynia oblongifolia, and Pogostemon cablin are the species with the highest important value index. The number of treelet species ranges from 15-16. Treelet species were mostly found in the flat slope area. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) ranges from 2,033-2,161 and was found to be highest on steep slopes and lowest on flat slopes. The H’ has the same tendency as Simpson’s Diversity Index and Evenness Index of Pielou (E) and reverse relationship with Simpson’s Dominance Index.

New Insights on Structures Forming the Lignin-Like Fractions of Ancestral Plants

In the present work, lignin-like fractions were isolated from several ancestral plants –including moss (Hypnum cupressiforme and Polytrichum commune), lycophyte (Selaginella kraussiana), horsetail (Equisetum palustre), fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia and Pteridium aquilinum), cycad (Cycas revoluta), and gnetophyte (Ephedra fragilis) species– and structurally characterized by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy. Py-GC/MS yielded marker compounds characteristic of lignin units, except in the H. cupressiforme, P. commune and E. palustre “lignins,” where they were practically absent. Additional structural information on the other five samples was obtained from 2D-NMR experiments displaying intense correlations signals of guaiacyl (G) units in the fern and cycad lignins, along with smaller amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Interestingly, the lignins from the lycophyte S. kraussiana and the gnetophyte E. fragilis were not only composed of G- and H-lignin units but they also incorporated significant amounts of the syringyl (S) units characteristic of angiosperms, which appeared much later in plant evolution, most probably due to convergent evolution. The latter finding is also supported by the abundance of syringol derivatives after the Py-GC/MS analyses of these two samples. Regarding lignin structure, β−O−4′ alkyl-aryl ethers were the most abundant substructures, followed by condensed β−5′ phenylcoumarans and β−β′ resinols (and dibenzodioxocins in the fern and cycad lignins). The highest percentages of alkyl-aryl ether structures correlated with the higher S/G ratio in the S. Kraussiana and E. fragilis lignin-like fractions. More interestingly, apart from the typical monolignol-derived lignin units (H, G and S), other structures, assigned to flavonoid compounds never reported before in natural lignins (such as amentoflavone, apigenin, hypnogenol B, kaempferol, and naringenin), could also be identified in the HSQC spectra of all the lignin-like fractions analyzed. With this purpose, in vitro synthesized coniferyl-naringenin and coniferyl-apigenin dehydrogenation polymers were used as standards. These flavonoids were abundant in H. cupressiforme appearing as the only constituents of the moss lignin-like fraction (including 84% of dimeric hypnogenol B) and their abundance decreased in those of S. Kraussiana (with amentoflavone and naringenin representing 14% of the total aromatic units), and the two ancient gymnosperms (0.4–1.2%) and ferns (0–0.7%).

Biodiversity, richness and spatial distribution of extant Pteridophytes in Kudremukh National Park, Western Ghats, India

Pteridophyte richness and diversity in Kudremukh National Park (KNP) was assessed using qualitative and quantitative diversity indexing methods, along with the geographic spatial distribution of the extant pteridophyte flora. The field research design employed a stratified random sampling method and was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 included the survey, identification and distribution of the pteridophyte flora and Phase 2 was to study the diversity of the extant pteridophytes throughout the KNP using seven transects. The region exhibited rich and highly diverse (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index of 3.38), non-homogenous (compared to normal Raunkiaer’s frequency curve) stand of 46 different unevenly (evenness index 0.64) distributed pteridophyte flora. The study region was dominated by two unambiguous pteridophyte species of weedy nature (Pteridium aquilinum and Dicranopteris linearis), with a high Simpson's dominance index of 0.96. The study reports eight endemic, two rare, five at risk and seven vulnerable and near-threatened IUCN listed pteridophyte species in the study region. The quantitative diversity indices i.e. frequency, density, abundance, relative abundance and important value index of each extant pteridophyte is calculated. The study also noted that some endemic species such as Osmunda huegeliana and Cyathea nilgirensis present in KNP needed immediate conservation efforts. This study gives an extensive report on the extant pteridophyte flora of KNP and will help future taxonomic surveys and research, as well as conservation and sustenance measures.

PLANTAS TÓXICAS DE IMPORTÂNCIA PECUÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE PEROLÂNDIA – GO

Plantas tóxicas de interesse pecuário são as espécies que, quando ingeridas pelos animais domésticos de produção, sob condições naturais, causam prejuízos à saúde ou mesmo a morte. As intoxicações pelo consumo de plantas tóxicas são de grande importância econômica não só por causar a morte do animal, mais também devido a abortos, queda na fertilidade e produção. Este trabalho teve por objetivos fazer um levantamento das principais plantas tóxicas ocorrentes no Brasil central com registros na literatura; comparar com as plantas tóxicas listadas em levantamento realizado com produtores rurais na região de Perolândia; quantificar a presença e relatar as principais ocorrências de intoxicações no rebanho. Foram feitas entre setembro e novembro de 2016, 16 entrevistas, com produtores rurais da região de Perolândia, utilizando questionários sobre as principais plantas tóxicas causadoras de quadros de intoxicação. Os dados coletados foram transformados em porcentagem e expressos em tabelas. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem concluir que de fato as principais plantas de interesse agropecuário do sudoeste goiano são Urochloa spp (Sinonímia: Brachiaria spp), Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Dimorphandra mollis, Palicourea marcgravii, Pteridium aquilinum, Sorghum vulgare, Senna occidentalis, Stryphnodendrum obovatum, Manihot esculenta, Asclepias curassavica, Ricinus communis, Lantana camara. No município de Perolândia, mereceu destaque especialmente Urochloa spp (Sinonímia: Brachiaria spp), Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Dimorphandra mollis que neste trabalho foram as maiores causadoras de quadros de intoxicação no município.