scholarly journals Rainfall Intensity Analysis for Synoptic Stations in Northern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
S.O. Oyegoke ◽  
A.S. Adebanjo ◽  
H.J. Ododo

With the large inter-annual variability of rainfall in Northern Nigeria, a zone subject to frequent dry spells which often result in severe and widespread droughts, the need for intense study of rainfall and accurate forecast of rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves cannot be over emphasized. The Intensity Duration Frequency relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity and rainfall duration for given return periods. Using a subset of the network of fifteen continuous auto recording rain gauges available in Northern Nigeria, a total of seven different time durations ranging from 12 minutes to 24 hours were developed for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. The maximum data series so obtained was fitted to Gumbel’s Extreme Value Type 1 distribution. Linear Regression Analysis was then used to obtain the intensity-duration relationships for the various locations from which Intensity-Duration Frequency (IDF) curves were generated using Microsoft Excel for various return periods. Keywords:  Extreme rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency, Northern Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ghazavi ◽  
Ali Moafi Rabori ◽  
Mohsen Ahadnejad Reveshty

Abstract. Estimate design storm based on rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves is an important parameter for hydrologic planning of urban areas. The main aim of this study was to estimate rainfall intensities of Zanjan city watershed based on overall relationship of rainfall IDF curves and appropriate model of hourly rainfall estimation (Sherman method, Ghahreman and Abkhezr method). Hydrologic and hydraulic impacts of rainfall IDF curves change in flood properties was evaluated via Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). The accuracy of model simulations was confirmed based on the results of calibration. Design hyetographs in different return periods show that estimated rainfall depth via Sherman method are greater than other method except for 2-year return period. According to Ghahreman and Abkhezr method, decrease of runoff peak was 30, 39, 41 and 42 percent for 5-10-20 and 50-year return periods respectively, while runoff peak for 2-year return period was increased by 20 percent.


Author(s):  
J. O. Ehiorobo ◽  
O.C. Izinyon ◽  
R. I. Ilaboya

Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship remains one of the mostly used tools in hydrology and water resources engineering, especially for planning, design and operations of water resource projects. IDF relationship can provide adequate information about the intensity of rainfall at different duration for various return periods. The focus of this research was to develop IDF curves for the prediction of rainfall intensity within the middle Niger River Basin (Lokoja and Ilorin) using annual maximum daily rainfall data. Forty (40) year’s annual maximum rainfall data ranging from 1974 to 2013 was employed for the study. To ascertain the data quality, selected preliminary analysis technique including; descriptive statistics, test of homogeneity and outlier detection test were employed. To compute the three hours rainfall intensity, the ratio of rainfall amount and duration was used while the popular Gumbel probability distribution model was employed to calculate the rainfall frequency factor. To assess the best fit model that can be employed to predict rainfall intensity for various return periods at ungauged locations, four empirical IDF equations, namely; Talbot, Bernard, Kimijima and Sherman equations were employed. The model with the least calculated sum of minimized root mean square error (RMSE) was adopted as the best fit empirical model. Results obtained revealed that the Talbot model was the best fit model for Ilorin and Lokoja with calculated sum of minimized error of 1.32170E-07 and 8.953636E-08. This model was thereafter employed to predict the rainfall intensity for different durations at 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100yrs return periods respectively.


2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Médard Noukpo Agbazo ◽  
Gabin Koto N'Gobi ◽  
Basile Kounouhewa ◽  
Eric Alamou ◽  
Abel Afouda ◽  
...  

<p>Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves are of particular importance in water resources management, for example, in urban hydrology, for the design of hydraulic structures and the estimation of the flash flood risk in small catchments. IDF curves describe rainfall intensity as a function of duration and return period, and they are significant for water resources planning, as well as for the design of hydraulic constructions and structures. In this study, scaling properties of extreme rainfall are examined to establish the scaling behavior of statistical non-central moment over different durations. IDF curves and equations are set up for all stations by using the parameter obtained from scaling behavior, the location and scale parameters μ24 and σ24 of the Gumbel distribution (EVI) sample of annual maximum 1440 min rainfall data. In another hand, we have established the IDF curves for ten selected rain gauge stations in the Northern (Oueme Valley) parts of Benin Republic, West Africa by using the simple scaling approach. Analysis of rainfall intensities (5 min and 1440 min rainfall data) from the ten rainfall stations shows that rainfall in north-Benin displays scales invariance property from 5 min to 1440 min. For time scaling, the statistical properties of rainfall follow the hypothesis of simple scaling. Therefore, the simple scaling model applies to the rainfall in (Oueme Valley). Hence, the simple scaling model is thought to be a viable approach to estimate IDF curves of hourly and sub-hourly rainfall form rainfall projections. The obtained scaling exponents are less than 1 and range from 0.23 to 0.59. The empirical model shows that the scaling procedure is a good estimator as it is more efficient and gives more accurate estimates compared with the observed rainfall than the traditional method which only consists the Gumbel model in all stations for lower return periods (T&lt;5 years) but not for higher return periods.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Estimación de las Curvas IDF de Extrema Precipitación por Escala Simple en el Valle Oueme, al Norte de la República de Benín (Africa occidental)</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>Las curvas de precipitación Intensidad-Duración-Frecuencia (IDF) son de particular importancia en el manejo de los recursos hídricos, como es el caso de la hidrología urbana o para el diseño de estructuras hidráulicas y la estimación del riesgo de crecidas en pequeñas captaciones. Las curvas IDF describen la intensidad de las precipitaciones como una función con períodos de duración y recurrencia, lo que las hace significativas en la planeación de recursos hídricos así como en el diseño de construcciones y estructuras hidráulicas. Este estudio examina las propiedades de escala en precipitaciones extremas para establecer un comportamiento en momentos estadísticos marginales en diferentes períodos de duración. Se establecieron las curvas IDF y las ecuaciones para todas las estaciones a partir del parámetro obtenido del comportamiento de escala, la ubicación y los parámetros de escala μ24 and σ24 de la muestra de información de precipitación máxima anual de 1440 minutos de la distribución de Gumbel (EVI). Por otro lado, se establecieron las curvas IDF para 10 estaciones pluviométricas seleccionadas en el Valle Oueme, al norte de la República de Benín (África occidental), con el uso de aproximación simple de escala. El análisis de las intensidades de precipitación en las diez estaciones pluviométricas muestra que la precipitación en el norte de Benín expone propiedades de poca variación en la escala 5 min y 1440. En el tiempo de escala, las propiedades estadísticas de precipitación confirman la hipótesis de escala simple; además, este modelo so corresponde a la precipitación del Valle Oueme. Por lo tanto, el modelo de escala simple se considera una aproximación viable para estimar las curvas IDF en las proyecciones de precipitación de cada hora y sub-hora. Los exponentes de escala obtenidos son menores a 1 y oscilan de 0,23 a 0,59. El modelo empírico muestra que el procedimiento de escala es un buen estimativo, más eficiente y con cálculos más exactos que el método tradicional, el cual consiste solamente en el modelo Gumbel aplicado en todas las estaciones pluviométricas en períodos de menor recurrencia (T&lt;5 años) pero no en lapsos de mayor recurrencia.</p>


Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ena Gámez-Balmaceda ◽  
Alvaro López-Ramos ◽  
Luisa Martínez-Acosta ◽  
Juan Pablo Medrano-Barboza ◽  
John Freddy Remolina López ◽  
...  

Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves describe the relationship between rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, and return period. They are commonly used in the design, planning and operation of hydrologic, hydraulic, and water resource systems. Considering the intense rainfall presence with flooding occurrences, limited data used to develop IDF curves, and importance to improve the IDF design for the Ensenada City in Baja California, this research study aims to investigate the use and combinations of pluviograph and daily records, to assess rain behavior around the city, and select a suitable method that provides the best results of IDF relationship, consequently updating the IDF relationship for the city for return periods of 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The IDF relationship is determined through frequency analysis of rainfall observations. Also, annual maximum rainfall intensity for several duration and return periods has been analyzed according to the statistical distribution of Gumbel Extreme Value (GEV). Thus, Chen’s method was evaluated based on the depth-duration ratio (R) from the zone, and the development of the IDF relationship for the rain gauges stations was focused on estimating the most suitable (R) ratio; chosen from testing several methods and analyzing the rain in the region from California and Baja California. The determined values of the rain for one hour and return period of 2 years (P12) obtained were compared to the values of some cities in California and Baja California, with a range between 10 and 16.61 mm, and the values of the (R) ratio are in a range between 0.35 and 0.44; this range is close to the (R) ratio of 0.44 for one station in Tijuana, a city 100 km far from Ensenada. The values found here correspond to the rainfall characteristics of the zone; therefore, the method used in this study can be replicated to other semi-arid zones with the same rain characteristics. Finally, it is suggested that these results of the IDF relationship should be incorporated on the Norm of the State of Baja California as the recurrence update requires it upon recommendation. This study is the starting point to other studies that imply the calculation of a peak flow and evaluation of hydraulic structures as an input to help improve flood resilience in the city of Ensenada.


2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianting Zhu ◽  
Mark C. Stone ◽  
William Forsee

Potential changes in climate are expected to lead to future changes in the characteristics of precipitation events, including extreme rainfall intensity in most regions. In order for government agencies and design engineers to incorporate these trends and future changes into assessment and design processes, tools for planning and design should be capable of considering nonstationary climate conditions. In this work, potential changes are investigated in intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves, which are often used for assessment of extreme rainfall events, using historic data and future climate projections. An approach is proposed for calculating IDF curves that incorporates projected changes in rainfall intensity at a range of locations in the United States. The results elucidate strong regional patterns in projected changes in rainfall intensity, which are influenced by the rainfall characteristics of the region. Therefore, impacts of climate change on extreme hydrologic events will be highly regional and thus such assessments should be performed for specific project locations.


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