scholarly journals On the role of the shape and size of foraging area, and colony size, in selecting critical areas for Cape Griffon Gyps coprotheres conservation action.

Vulture News ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Boshoff ◽  
J Minnie
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Foraging Area ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals Herd immunity drives the epidemic fadeout of avian cholera in Arctic-nesting seabirds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacintha G. B. van Dijk ◽  
Samuel A. Iverson ◽  
H. Grant Gilchrist ◽  
N. Jane Harms ◽  
Holly L. Hennin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Serological Status ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Avian Cholera

AbstractAvian cholera, caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, is a common and important infectious disease of wild birds in North America. Between 2005 and 2012, avian cholera caused annual mortality of widely varying magnitudes in Northern common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) breeding at the largest colony in the Canadian Arctic, Mitivik Island, Nunavut. Although herd immunity, in which a large proportion of the population acquires immunity to the disease, has been suggested to play a role in epidemic fadeout, immunological studies exploring this hypothesis have been missing. We investigated the role of three potential drivers of fadeout of avian cholera in eiders, including immunity, prevalence of infection, and colony size. Each potential driver was examined in relation to the annual real-time reproductive number (Rt) of P. multocida, previously calculated for eiders at Mitivik Island. Each year, colony size was estimated and eiders were closely monitored, and evaluated for infection and serological status. We demonstrate that acquired immunity approximated using antibody titers to P. multocida in both sexes was likely a key driver for the epidemic fadeout. This study exemplifies the importance of herd immunity in influencing the dynamics and fadeout of epidemics in a wildlife population.

scholarly journals The taxonomy, biogeography and conservation of the myrmecophilous Chrysoritis butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in South Africa

Koedoe ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F. Terblanche ◽  
H. Van Hamburg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Valuable Role

The relevance and integration of scientific knowledge to conservation management of the locally popular and highly endemic butterfly genus Chrysoritis are investigated within the research fields of taxonomy and biogeography. The butterfly genus Chrysoritis contains at least 41 species endemic to South Africa. The taxonomy of Chrysoritis has reached a state where revisions could easily result in a plethora of names between “lumping and splitting”. In practice, the state of the taxonomy of these butterflies on species level may alter their conservation priority. The two most species rich species groups in Chrysoritis have different centres of endemism, however, a butterfly atlas becomes a necessity to reveal more about their biogeography. There is an absence of butterfly species lists in many of our National Parks and Nature Reserves. Legislation should facilitate rather than limit the valuable role of the amateur lepidopterist to add distribution records. In turn, the amateur lepidopterists should adapt and make an effort to explore unknown localities, apart from monitoring butterflies at their well-known localities. The red listing of localised butterflies in South Africa, including a number of Chrysoritis species, is in need of an urgent review in the light of the most recent IUCN categories. A species such as Chrysoritis dicksoni should be protected by law - but at its known localities. The scenario that real conservation action is only needed if the last known locality of a butterfly is threatened, should be abolished. A paradigm shift to conserve the metapopulations of the highly endemic Chrysoritis genus and not merely a few of its species as items that appear on lists, seems necessary.

The Role of Zoos in Tree Kangaroo Conservation: Connecting Ex Situ and In Situ Conservation Action

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-361
Author(s):  
Karin R. Schwartz ◽  
Onnie Byers ◽  
Philip Miller ◽  
Jacque Blessington ◽  
Brett Smith
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Action

scholarly journals Investigating the Role of Gold Nanoparticle Shape and Size in Their Toxicities to Fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangze Liu ◽  
Zhonglei He ◽  
Hugh Byrne ◽  
James Curtin ◽  
Furong Tian
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticle ◽  
Nanoparticle Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

The Role of Shape and Size of Guest Molecules in the Formation of Clathrates and Intercalates of Syndiotactic Polystyrene

2013 ◽  
Vol 214 (17) ◽  
pp. 1901-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oreste Tarallo ◽  
Finizia Auriemma ◽  
Odda Ruiz de Ballesteros ◽  
Rocco Di Girolamo ◽  
Claudia Diletto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Syndiotactic Polystyrene ◽  
Guest Molecules ◽  
Shape And Size

scholarly journals Deforestation Hotspots in the Brazilian Amazon: Evidence and Causes as Assessed from Remote Sensing and Census Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilson Clementino Ferreira ◽  
Laerte Guimarães Ferreira ◽  
Fausto Miziara
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Institutional Integration ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Rapid Pace

Abstract The main goal of this study, conducted in an area comprising 221 municipalities, in which 90% of the deforestation in the Legal Amazon takes place, was to understand the role of the agrarian structure in the conversion of forest into pasture and agriculture fields. Linear regression results indicate that 54%–62% of the variation in deforestation occurred between 1997 and 2004, respectively, and are explained as a function of changes in the amount of appropriated land in 1995. Likewise, up to 80% of the deforestation can be well explained by the variation in land concentration. In fact, strong spatial correlations were found between deforestation hotspots and land appropriation and land concentration. On the other hand, these critical areas have insufficient governance, particularly at the federal level. As the results of this study clearly demonstrate, strong governance and institutional integration, with emphasis on the territorial ordainment, are mandatory in order to reduce the rapid pace of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.

scholarly journals Monitoring COVID-19 transmission risks by RT-PCR tracing of droplets in hospital and living environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Piana ◽  
Maria Eugenia Colucci ◽  
Federica Valeriani ◽  
Adriano Marcolongo ◽  
Giovanni Sotgiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
The Public ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Massive Sequencing ◽  
Hospital Wards ◽  
Support Evaluation

SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination occurs through droplets and biological fluids released in the surroundings from patients or asymptomatic carriers. Surfaces and objects contaminated by saliva or nose secretions represent a risk for indirect transmission of COVID-19. We assayed surfaces from hospital and living spaces to identify the presence of viral RNA and the spread of fomites in the environment. Anthropic contamination by droplets and biological fluids was monitored by detecting the microbiota signature using multiplex RT-PCR on selected species and massive sequencing on 16S-amplicons. A total of 92 samples (flocked swab) were collected from critical areas during the pandemic, including indoor (3 hospitals and 3 public buildings) and outdoor surfaces exposed to anthropic contamination (handles and handrails, playgrounds). Traces of biological fluids were frequently detected in spaces open to the public and on objects that are touched with the hands (>80%). However, viral RNA was not detected in hospital wards or other indoor and outdoor surfaces either in the air system of a COVID-hospital, but only in the surroundings of an infected patient, in consistent association with droplets traces and fomites. Handled objects accumulated the highest level of multiple contaminations by saliva, nose secretions and faecal traces, further supporting the priority role of handwashing in prevention. In conclusion, anthropic contamination by droplets and biological fluids is widespread in spaces open to the public and can be traced by RT-PCR. Monitoring fomites can support evaluation of indirect transmission risks for Coronavirus or other flu-like viruses in the environment.

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