scholarly journals The distribution of inherent phosphorus in fifteen water treatment residues from South Africa

Water SA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Norris ◽  
LW Titshall
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment

Modeling energy requirements for a biogas-supported decentralized Water treatment systems for communities in chambishi (Zambia) and diepsloot (South Africa) townships

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Gershom Mwandila ◽  
Moses Mwanza ◽  
Keneiloe Sikhwivhilu ◽  
John Siame ◽  
Shingirirai S Mutanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Energy Requirements

Waterbirds at Paarl Waste Water Treatment Works, South Africa, 1994–2004: seasonality, trends and conservation importance

Ostrich ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug M Harebottle ◽  
Anthony J Williams ◽  
Yvonne Weiss ◽  
Graham B Tong
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment

scholarly journals Assessing the clogging and permeability of degrading packed bed reactors

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthin Botes ◽  
Chris James ◽  
Craig M Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Mine Drainage ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Packed Bed Reactor ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
The Impact

In South Africa, the need for water treatment is increasing, especially in the mining sector. As active water treatment technologies are expensive, the mining sector has an increasing need for passive water treatment technology, with low maintenance and operating costs, yet efficient water treatment ability. Literature on passive water treatment suggests that these systems only offer a narrow range of treatment capabilities. Therefore, hybrid water treatment systems could be a solution to low-cost water treatment in South Africa. The degrading packed bed reactor (DPBR) is one of the units comprising the hybrid treatment group. The DPBR’s main action is to convert sulfates into sulfides and alkalinity, since this reduces the impact on the environment by increasing the pH and reducing the salinity. In this study, 6 small-scale DPBRs were constructed. Each was classified according to its unique organic source (manure, straw, vegetable food processing waste, wood shavings, chicken litter and a combined sample with layers of all the carbon sources). Synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) was fed through the 6 bioreactors for a period of 3 months. Permeabilities, leachate samples and effective void volumes were measured from the DPBRs. From the experiments conducted, it was found that the manure and combination bioreactors (with equal layers of manure, straw, compost, wood shavings and chicken litter) had the lowest overall permeabilities, with straw and compost having the highest permeabilities. Linked to this, the experiments showed that the manure and combination bioreactors had the largest decreases in effective porosity with straw and compost having the least. Hydraulically, the combination bioreactor performed the best by incorporating the best attributes from each carbon source. Wood shavings preformed almost as well. Chicken litter clogged within 18 days after the initiation of the experiment and thus was the least effective substrate.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Genes in Two Drinking Water Treatment and Distribution Systems in the North-West Province of South Africa

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 745
Author(s):  
Collins Njie Ateba ◽  
Naledi Mahalia Tabi ◽  
Justine Fri ◽  
Marie Ebob Agbortabot Bissong ◽  
Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
North West Province

With the increasing spread of antimicrobial resistance, there is growing attention to the contribution made by drinking water systems. The potential health impact of two drinking water treatment and distribution systems (A and B) in the North-West Province of South Africa was determined by investigating the water quality and occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant heterotrophic bacteria and genes in the raw and treated water over four seasons. Most of the physicochemical parameters except for electrical conductivity were within permissible limits. Coliform bacteria reduced from raw to potable water except for counts higher than the threshold recorded in Summer and Winter. A total of 203 heterotrophic bacterial isolates were recovered on chromogenic R2A medium and subjected to susceptibility testing to twelve antibiotics. Most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and Trimethoprim, whereas they were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Neomycin. The proportions of Cephalothin and Kanamycin-resistant isolates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) after treatment for site A, compared to significantly lower β-lactam, Oxytetracycline, and Trimethoprim-resistant isolates for B. Over 50% of isolates were of high risk, indicating their origin from high antibiotic-use sources. Seventy-one (35%) isolates were multidrug-resistant, out of which the majority (53.5%, n = 38) possessed the strA gene, followed by strB 21 (29.6%), dfrB 13 (18.3%), aadA 11 (15.5%), blaCTX-M 5 (7.0%), and tetA 3 (4.2%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates revealed strains belonging to eight bacterial families, some of which are clinically important.

The response of typical South African raw waters to enhanced coagulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
S. P. Dlamini ◽  
J. Haarhoff ◽  
B. B. Mamba ◽  
S. Van Staden
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Typical Treatment

Drinking water treatment plants in South Africa rely almost entirely on surface water sources, which are often compromised due to high return flows and indirect reuse. The typical treatment plants focus on the removal of physical and microbial contaminants which include turbidity, colour, chemical compounds and microorganisms. A relatively new concern to this list is natural organic matter (NOM) which has become a major concern in potable water treatment due to its recent regulation. In this study, eight different raw water samples from the various water types found in the country were seasonally collected and treated for the removal UV absorbance at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254) using enhanced coagulation (EC). The efficacy of EC, which can be employed as a practical technology in the removal of both turbidity and NOM, was evaluated in remaining UV254 from these raw water sources. Jar tests were conducted, with ferric chloride used as the coagulant (due to its extensive use as a coagulant in the water treatment industry in South Africa) and specific pH values (initial water pH, 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) were chosen as target values guiding the six different coagulant dosages for the jar tests. The pH of the low-alkalinity (&lt;60 mg/L CaCO3) raw waters were adjusted and raised by the addition of sodium carbonate. The response parameters of the tests were turbidity (NTU), pH and UV254. Algorithms for finding the optimum coagulant dosage for UV254 removal were developed and consistently applied to all the results. Results showed large variations in the nature of NOM across the country from specific ultraviolet absorbance values. From the UV254 values, the concentrations of NOM also varied greatly geographically than temporally. The general trend observed in the EC results suggested that the pH should always be dropped to between 4.5 and 7.0 to lower the amounts of UV254 and turbidity to reasonable levels.

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