Failure of Clostridium botulinum to Grow in Fresh Mushrooms Packaged in Plastic Film Overwraps with Holes

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. SUGIYAMA ◽  
KANDEE S. RUTLEDGE
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Type B ◽  
Chloride Film

Fresh, commercially grown mushrooms were inoculated in the stem with Clostridium botulinum spores (2.5 × 104 of each of four type A with l × 105 of each of four type B strains). One lb (454 g) of mush-rooms. including two spore-inoculated ones. was packaged in paper-borad trays and overwrapped with a ploybinyl chloride film. The packages were incubated 6 days at 24–26 C after making one or two holes of 1/8 inch (3.175 mm) diameter in the overwrap of test packages. Botulinum toxin. either type A only or mixed with type B, was found in the spore-inoculated mushrooms of all 28 control packages (no hole), but was not detected in any from the 123 packages with one hole and the 4 7 with two holes. The O2% inside the packages after incubation averaged 1.5 for the controls. 4.0 for packages with one hole and 6.2 for the 2-hole package group.

scholarly journals Honey sold directly by producers in the Silesian region of Poland as a source of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Hayıt ◽  
Hülya Gül
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Honey Sample ◽  
Type B ◽  
Subsequent Processing ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Centrifugation Method ◽  
Cooked Meat

The level of contamination of honey with Clostridium botulinum spores is considered as an indicator of the adequacy of hygienic practices during collection, extraction, and subsequent processing. A total of 39 honey samples purchased directly from beekeepers at outdoor markets and from small amateur apiaries in Silesia were analysed for Clostridium botulinum spores. The samples were prepared using a dilution centrifugation method and cultured in parallel in cooked meat medium (CMM) and tripticase peptone glucose yeast (TPGY) enrichment broths. Identification of C. botulinum toxin types A, B, E, and F was performed with the use of a multiplex PCR method. The analysis showed six (15.4%) samples to be contaminated with C. botulinum spores. The major serotypes detected were type A – in two (5.1%) and type B – in two (5.1%) honey samples, respectively. Types E and F were found in 1 (2.6%) and 1 (2.6%) positive honey sample analysed, respectively.

In vitro and in vivo Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Against Clostridium botulinum Type A Botulinum

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aminianfar ◽  
Siavash Parvardeh ◽  
Mohsen Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Type A ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nano Silver

Background: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that results from the ingestion of a botulinum toxin. Because silver nanoparticle products exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, applications for silver nanoparticles in healthcare have expanded. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism toxicity using silver nanoparticles. Methods: A preliminary test was conducted using doses that produce illness in laboratory animals to determine the absolute lethal dose (LD100) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in mice. Next, the test animals were divided into six groups containing six mice each. Groups I, II and III were the negative control (botulinum toxin only), positive control-1 (nano-silver only) and positive control-2 (no treatment), respectively. The remaining groups were allocated to the toxin that was supplemented with three nano-silver treatments. Results: The mortality rates of mice caused by BoNT/A significantly reduced in the treatment groups with different doses and injection intervals of nano-silver when compared to the negative control group. BoNT/A toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum causes rapid death while when coupled with nano-osilver results in delayed death in mice. Conclusion: These results, while open to future improvement, represent a preliminary step towards the satisfactory control of BoNT/A with the use of silver nanoparticles for human protection against this bioterrorism threat. Further study in this area can elucidate the underlying mechanism for detoxifying BoNT/A by silver nanoparticles.

Production of Botulinum Toxin in Inoculated Pack Studies of Foil-Wrapped Baked Potatoes

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 896-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. SUGIYAMA ◽  
MARGY WOODBURN ◽  
K. H. YANG ◽  
COLLEEN MOVROYDIS
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Type A ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Inoculation Site ◽  
Botulinum Type ◽  
Lethal Doses ◽  
Spore Inoculation

Idaho Russet Burbank potatoes were surface or stab inoculated with 10 to 105 spores of Clostridium botulinum type A strain, overwrapped in aluminum foil, baked at 204 C for 50 min or 96 C for 3 h and then held at 22 or 30 C. The shortest incubations resulting in the first botulinogenic potatoes were inversely related to spore doses and ranged from 3 to 7 days; potatoes inoculated with 10 spores were toxic after 5 to 7 days. Total toxin in individual potatoes incubated 3 to 5 days were 5 × 103 to 5 × 105 mouse mean lethal doses. Toxin was not found at distances greater than 1.6 cm from the spore inoculation site. Results indicate that left-over, foil-wrapped, baked potatoes are a perishable food that must be refrigerated.

Outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum in Shredded Cabbage at Room Temperature Under a Modified Atmosphere

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 831-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIM M. SOLOMON ◽  
DONALD A. KAUTTER ◽  
TIMOTHY LILLY ◽  
E. JEFFERY RHODEHAMEL
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Type A ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Type B

The ability of Clostridium botulinum types A and B spores to grow and produce toxin in shredded cabbage at room temperature under a modified atmosphere was investigated. Seven type A and seven type B strains of C. botulinum, mostly of vegetable origin, were used as inocula. Shredded cabbage in high barrier bags, 250 g/bag, was inoculated with various numbers of spores, sealed under a modified atmosphere of 70% CO2 and 30% N2 and incubated at room temperature. Duplicate bags were examined for organoleptic acceptability and the presence of toxin from day 3 by blending the entire contents of each bag and injecting mice with dilutions of the extracts. Toxic extracts were typed with appropriate antitoxins. Only type A spores grew and produced toxin in the cabbage. An inoculum of approximately 100–200 type A spores/g of cabbage, whether in single strains or in various combinations, produced toxin on days 4, 5, and 6, while the cabbage was still organoleptically acceptable, as determined by appearance, odor, and texture.

Efficacy and safety of repeated doses of botulinum toxin type B in type A resistant and responsive cervical dystonia

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1152-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart A. Factor ◽  
Eric S. Molho ◽  
Sharon Evans ◽  
Paul J. Feustel
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Cervical Dystonia ◽  
Type A ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Type B ◽  
Botulinum Toxin Type B ◽  
Repeated Doses
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