Production of Botulinum Toxin in Inoculated Pack Studies of Foil-Wrapped Baked Potatoes

Idaho Russet Burbank potatoes were surface or stab inoculated with 10 to 105 spores of Clostridium botulinum type A strain, overwrapped in aluminum foil, baked at 204 C for 50 min or 96 C for 3 h and then held at 22 or 30 C. The shortest incubations resulting in the first botulinogenic potatoes were inversely related to spore doses and ranged from 3 to 7 days; potatoes inoculated with 10 spores were toxic after 5 to 7 days. Total toxin in individual potatoes incubated 3 to 5 days were 5 × 103 to 5 × 105 mouse mean lethal doses. Toxin was not found at distances greater than 1.6 cm from the spore inoculation site. Results indicate that left-over, foil-wrapped, baked potatoes are a perishable food that must be refrigerated.

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CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE B TOXOIDS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr47e-017 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 25e (4) ◽

pp. 175-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christine E. Rice ◽

L. C. Smith ◽

E. F. Pallister ◽

G. B. Reed

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Preceding Paper ◽

Type A ◽

Type B ◽

Botulinum Type ◽

High Degree ◽

Lethal Doses

Fluid and alum-precipitated C. botulinum Type B toxoids were prepared by methods very similar to those used in the production of Type A toxoid, as described in a preceding paper. These Type B toxoids had little protective effect in mice but induced a moderately high degree of immunity in guinea-pigs as shown by their resistance to multiple lethal doses of Type B toxin and the development of Type B antitoxin. A relationship was observed between the Type B antitoxic titre and resistance to Type B toxin.

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CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE A TOXOIDS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr47e-016 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 25e (4) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christine E. Rice ◽

E. F. Pallister ◽

L. C. Smith ◽

G. B. Reed

Keyword(s):

Induced Resistance ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Normal Animal ◽

Type A ◽

Botulinus Toxin ◽

Culture Filtrates ◽

Botulinum Type ◽

Before And After ◽

Lethal Doses

Highly toxic filtrates of cultures of C. botulinum, Type A, when treated with 0.5% formalin and incubated at 37 °C. for several weeks became non-toxic. These toxoids induced resistance in mice and guinea-pigs to several thousand times the amount of Type A botulinus toxin required to kill a normal animal of the same species.In general, three 1.0 ml. doses of the fluid toxoid protected over 60% of inoculated mice against 100,000 lethal doses of Type A botulinus toxin. Six weeks after receiving a 5.0 ml. dose of fluid toxoid, some 88% of guinea-pigs survived the injection of 160,000 lethal doses of Type A toxins. The antitoxic titres of their sera ranged from < 0.001 to 10 units per ml. Alum precipitation increased the effectiveness of the toxoid as an immunizing agent in mice; two 1.0 ml. doses protected about 80% of mice against 100,000 lethal doses of Type A toxin. In guinea-pigs, the immunity induced by 5.0 ml. of alum-precipitated toxoid was similar to that observed following the injection of 5.0 ml. of the fluid material. No correlation was apparent between the flocculative titre of the culture filtrates before and after formalinization and their antigenicity.

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DI-016 Regional card for the prescription of botulinum toxin by Clostridium Botulinum type A: an instrument for appropriate prescribing: Abstract DI-016 Table 1

European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000436.187 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. A76.1-A76

Author(s):

S Caldarini ◽

MC Altavista ◽

A Balestreri ◽

MG Di mattia ◽

A Ferraro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Type A ◽

Appropriate Prescribing ◽

Botulinum Type

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In vitro and in vivo Assessment of Silver Nanoparticles Against Clostridium botulinum Type A Botulinum

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163815666180403163946 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Aminianfar ◽

Siavash Parvardeh ◽

Mohsen Soleimani

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Botulinum Toxin ◽

Clostridium Botulinum ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Type A ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Nano Silver

Background: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, a serious paralytic illness that results from the ingestion of a botulinum toxin. Because silver nanoparticle products exhibit strong antimicrobial activity, applications for silver nanoparticles in healthcare have expanded. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of botulism toxicity using silver nanoparticles. Methods: A preliminary test was conducted using doses that produce illness in laboratory animals to determine the absolute lethal dose (LD100) of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in mice. Next, the test animals were divided into six groups containing six mice each. Groups I, II and III were the negative control (botulinum toxin only), positive control-1 (nano-silver only) and positive control-2 (no treatment), respectively. The remaining groups were allocated to the toxin that was supplemented with three nano-silver treatments. Results: The mortality rates of mice caused by BoNT/A significantly reduced in the treatment groups with different doses and injection intervals of nano-silver when compared to the negative control group. BoNT/A toxicity induced by intraperitoneal injection of the toxin of Clostridium botulinum causes rapid death while when coupled with nano-osilver results in delayed death in mice. Conclusion: These results, while open to future improvement, represent a preliminary step towards the satisfactory control of BoNT/A with the use of silver nanoparticles for human protection against this bioterrorism threat. Further study in this area can elucidate the underlying mechanism for detoxifying BoNT/A by silver nanoparticles.

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