Persistence of Indicator and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Broccoli following Manure Spreading and Irrigation with Fecally Contaminated Water: Field Experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYLÈNE GÉNÉREUX ◽  
MARIE JO BRETON ◽  
JOHN MORRIS FAIRBROTHER ◽  
PHILIPPE FRAVALO ◽  
CAROLINE CÔTÉ
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
Water Field

In 2011 and 2012, trials consisting of experimental plots were carried out to evaluate the presence of pathogenic (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella) and prevalence of indicator (Escherichia coli) microorganisms in broccoli fertilized with liquid hog manure or mineral fertilizers and irrigated zero, one, or two times with E. coli–contaminated water. In 2011, results showed that E. coli contamination in broccoli heads was affected by the interval between irrigation and sampling (P = 0.0236), with a significant decrease between the first and third day following irrigation (P = 0.0064). In 2012, irrigation frequency significantly increased E. coli prevalence in broccoli samples (P = 0.0499). In 2012, E. coli counts in the soil were significantly influenced by the type of fertilizer applied, as plots receiving liquid hog manure showed higher bacterial counts (P = 0.0006). L. monocytogenes was recovered in one broccoli sample, but geno-serogrouping differentiated the isolate from those recovered in manure and irrigation water. The L. monocytogenes serogroup IIA, pulsotype 188 strain was found in six soil samples and in irrigation water applied 5 days before soil sampling. This study highlights the link between E. coli levels in irrigation water, irrigation frequency, and interval between irrigation and harvest on produce contamination. It also demonstrates that L. monocytogenes introduced into the soil following irrigation can persist for up to 5 days.

Irrigation Water Sources and Time Intervals as Variables on the Presence of Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes on Romaine Lettuce Grown in Muck Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1182-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Guévremont ◽  
Lisyanne Lamoureux ◽  
Mylène Généreux ◽  
Caroline Côté
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Irrigation water has been identified as a possible source of vegetable contamination by foodborne pathogens. Risk management for pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in fields can be influenced by the source of the irrigation water and the time interval between last irrigation and harvest. Plots of romaine lettuce were irrigated with manure-contaminated water or aerated pond water 21, 7, or 3 days prior to harvesting, and water and muck soil samples were collected at each irrigation treatment. Lettuce samples were collected at the end of the trials. The samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes. Campylobacter coli was isolated from 33% of hog manure samples (n = 9) and from 11% of the contaminated water samples (n = 27), but no lettuce samples were positive (n = 288). L. monocytogenes was not found in manure, and only one sample of manure-contaminated irrigation water (n = 27) and one lettuce sample (n = 288) were positive. No Campylobacter or L. monocytogenes was recovered from the soil samples (n = 288). Because of the low incidence of pathogens, it was not possible to link the contamination of either soil or lettuce with the type of irrigation water. Nevertheless, experimental field trials mimicking real conditions provide new insights into the survival of two significant foodborne pathogens on romaine lettuce.

Persistence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Surface Soil following Application of Liquid Hog Manure for Production of Pickling Cucumbers

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 900-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINE CÔTÉ ◽  
SYLVAIN QUESSY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Pickling Cucumbers

Liquid hog manure is routinely applied to farm land as a crop fertilizer. However, this practice raises food safety concerns, especially when manure is used on fruit and vegetable crops. The objectives of this project were to evaluate the persistence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in surface soil after application of liquid hog manure to fields where pickling cucumbers were grown and to verify the microbiological quality of harvested cucumbers. Mineral fertilizers were replaced by liquid hog manure at various ratios in the production of pickling cucumbers in a 3-year field study. The experimental design was a randomized complete block comprising four replicates in sandy loam (years 1, 2, and 3) and loamy sand (year 3). Soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm every 2 weeks after June application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Vegetable samples were also taken at harvest time. Liquid hog manure, soil, and vegetable (washed and unwashed) samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli. An exponential decrease of E. coli populations was observed in surface soil after the application of manure. The estimated average time required to reach undetectable concentrations of E. coli in sandy loam varied from 56 to 70 days, whereas the absence of E. coli was estimated at 77 days in loamy sand. The maximal Salmonella persistence in soil was 54 days. E. coli and Salmonella were not detected in any vegetable samples.

Internalization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following Spraying of Cut Shoots When Leafy Greens Are Regrown for a Second Crop

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2052-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
CATHY C. WEBB ◽  
JUAN CARLOS DÍAZ-PÉREZ ◽  
LINDSEY E. DAVEY ◽  
ALISON S. PAYTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Spraying Plants ◽  
High Level

Both spinach and lettuce were grown to harvest, cut, and then regrown after spraying the cut shoots with irrigation water contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Plant tissue was collected on the day of spraying and again 2 and 14 days later for analysis of total and internalized E. coli O157:H7 populations. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 occurred on the day of spraying, and larger populations were internalized as the level in the spray increased. Tissue repair was slow and insufficient to prevent infiltration of E. coli O157:H7; internalized E. coli O157:H7 in shoots cut 5 days prior to exposure to E. coli O157:H7–contaminated water were not significantly different from levels in shoots cut on the same day of spraying with contaminated water (P > 0.05). Two days after spraying plants with a high level of E. coli O157:H7 (7.3 log CFU/ml), levels of internalized E. coli O157:H7 decreased by ca. 2.6 and 1.3 log CFU/g in Tyee and Bordeaux spinach, respectively, whereas populations of internalized E. coli O157:H7 decreased very little (ca. 0.4 log CFU/g) in lettuce plants that had been sprayed either on the same day as cutting or 1 day after cutting. When cut plants were sprayed with irrigation water at a lower contamination level (4.5 log CFU/ml), internalized E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in either spinach or lettuce plants 2 days later and therefore would not likely be of concern when the crop was harvested.

Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Lettuce Plants following Spray Irrigation with Contaminated Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2198-2202 ◽  
Author(s):  
ETHAN B. SOLOMON ◽  
HOAN-JEN PANG ◽  
KARL R. MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Spray Irrigation

Irrigation water collected at farms growing crops for human consumption was artificially contaminated with E. coli O157: H7 and used to irrigate lettuce plants. Plants in a growth chamber were spray irrigated either once or intermittently with water contaminated with 102 or 104 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per ml and were then sampled over a 30-day period. Only plants exposed to 102 CFU/ml on day 1 did not harbor the pathogen at the end of the sampling period. All other treatments resulted in contaminated plants at harvest. Plants irrigated with 104 CFU/ml contained high levels (up to 5 log CFU/g) of the pathogen at harvest. The results obtained in this study underscore the assertion that spray irrigation (the application of water directly to plant leaves) is linked to the contamination of crops and suggest that repeated exposure increases the E. coli O157:H7 level on the plant.

DISINFECTION OF E. coli CONTAMINATED WATER USING TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE-BASED PHOTOELECTROCATALYSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Macphee ◽  
Efetobor Scott-Emuakpor ◽  
Graeme I. Paton ◽  
Malcolm J. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Tungsten Trioxide ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
E Coli

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

Transport of escherichia coli through soil to groundwater traced by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rothmaier ◽  
A. Weidenmann ◽  
K. Botzenhart
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rapd Pattern ◽  
Geological Situation ◽  
Different Strains

Isolates (50) of E. coli obtained from liquid manure (20 bovine, 20 porcine) were genotyped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Typing revealed 9 and 14 different strains in bovine and porcine liquid manure respectively with no strains in common. One porcine strain, showing a simple RAPD pattern, was subcultured and spread on a test field (1.5l/m2 at 1010 cfu/l) in a drinking water protection zone with loamy to sandy sediments in the Donauried area, Baden-Wurttemberg. Soil samples and groundwaters were collected at monthly intervals October 1994 – June 1995 during which 114 E. coli isolates were recovered. The first occurrence and maximum concentration of E. coli in soil samples taken from more than 20cm depth was in January 1995, declining rapidly with depth and time. All isolates from soil and only one from groundwater showed the RAPD pattern of the spread E. coli strain. The results could not demonstrate a severe negative impact of the spreading of liquid manure on the bacteriological quality of the groundwater in the given geological situation. The distinct strain patterns found in different kinds of liquid manure suggest that genotyping of E. coli by RAPD may be an adequate tool for tracing sources of faecal contamination.

Residues and Persistence of Glyphosate in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Comes ◽  
V. F. Bruns ◽  
A. D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Dry Soil

Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] nor the soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the first flow of water through two canals following application of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha to ditchbanks when the canals were dry. Soil samples collected the day before canals were filled (about 23 weeks after treatment) contained about 0.35 ppm glyphosate and 0.78 ppm aminomethylphosphonic acid in the 0 to 10-cm layer. When glyphosate was metered into the water at a rate calculated to provide 150 ppb in the canal water at a single site on two flowing canals, about 70% of the glyphosate was accounted for 1.6 km downstream from the application site. Thereafter, the rate of disappearance diminished, and about 58% of the applied glyphosate was present at the end of the canals 8 or 14.4 km downstream from the introduction sites.

Surface and Internalized Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Field-Grown Spinach and Lettuce Treated with Spray-Contaminated Irrigation Water

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARILYN C. ERICKSON ◽  
CATHY C. WEBB ◽  
JUAN CARLOS DIAZ-PEREZ ◽  
SHARAD C. PHATAK ◽  
JOHN J. SILVOY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water

Numerous field studies have revealed that irrigation water can contaminate the surface of plants; however, the occurrence of pathogen internalization is unclear. This study was conducted to determine the sites of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination and its survival when the bacteria were applied through spray irrigation water to either field-grown spinach or lettuce. To differentiate internalized and surface populations, leaves were treated with a surface disinfectant wash before the tissue was ground for analysis of E. coli O157:H7 by direct plate count or enrichment culture. Irrigation water containing E. coli O157:H7 at 102, 104, or 106 CFU/ml was applied to spinach 48 and 69 days after transplantation of seedlings into fields. E. coli O157:H7 was initially detected after application on the surface of plants dosed at 104 CFU/ml (4 of 20 samples) and both on the surface (17 of 20 samples) and internally (5 of 20 samples) of plants dosed at 106 CFU/ml. Seven days postspraying, all spinach leaves tested negative for surface or internal contamination. In a subsequent study, irrigation water containing E. coli O157:H7 at 108 CFU/ml was sprayed onto either the abaxial (lower) or adaxial (upper) side of leaves of field-grown lettuce under sunny or shaded conditions. E. coli O157:H7 was detectable on the leaf surface 27 days postspraying, but survival was higher on leaves sprayed on the abaxial side than on leaves sprayed on the adaxial side. Internalization of E. coli O157:H7 into lettuce leaves also occurred with greater persistence in leaves sprayed on the abaxial side (up to 14 days) than in leaves sprayed on the adaxial side (2 days).

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