Irrigation Water Sources and Time Intervals as Variables on the Presence of Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes on Romaine Lettuce Grown in Muck Soil

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (7) ◽  
pp. 1182-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyne Guévremont ◽  
Lisyanne Lamoureux ◽  
Mylène Généreux ◽  
Caroline Côté
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

ABSTRACT Irrigation water has been identified as a possible source of vegetable contamination by foodborne pathogens. Risk management for pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in fields can be influenced by the source of the irrigation water and the time interval between last irrigation and harvest. Plots of romaine lettuce were irrigated with manure-contaminated water or aerated pond water 21, 7, or 3 days prior to harvesting, and water and muck soil samples were collected at each irrigation treatment. Lettuce samples were collected at the end of the trials. The samples were tested for the presence of Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes. Campylobacter coli was isolated from 33% of hog manure samples (n = 9) and from 11% of the contaminated water samples (n = 27), but no lettuce samples were positive (n = 288). L. monocytogenes was not found in manure, and only one sample of manure-contaminated irrigation water (n = 27) and one lettuce sample (n = 288) were positive. No Campylobacter or L. monocytogenes was recovered from the soil samples (n = 288). Because of the low incidence of pathogens, it was not possible to link the contamination of either soil or lettuce with the type of irrigation water. Nevertheless, experimental field trials mimicking real conditions provide new insights into the survival of two significant foodborne pathogens on romaine lettuce.

Persistence of Indicator and Pathogenic Microorganisms in Broccoli following Manure Spreading and Irrigation with Fecally Contaminated Water: Field Experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1776-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
MYLÈNE GÉNÉREUX ◽  
MARIE JO BRETON ◽  
JOHN MORRIS FAIRBROTHER ◽  
PHILIPPE FRAVALO ◽  
CAROLINE CÔTÉ
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Produce Contamination ◽  
Water Field

In 2011 and 2012, trials consisting of experimental plots were carried out to evaluate the presence of pathogenic (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella) and prevalence of indicator (Escherichia coli) microorganisms in broccoli fertilized with liquid hog manure or mineral fertilizers and irrigated zero, one, or two times with E. coli–contaminated water. In 2011, results showed that E. coli contamination in broccoli heads was affected by the interval between irrigation and sampling (P = 0.0236), with a significant decrease between the first and third day following irrigation (P = 0.0064). In 2012, irrigation frequency significantly increased E. coli prevalence in broccoli samples (P = 0.0499). In 2012, E. coli counts in the soil were significantly influenced by the type of fertilizer applied, as plots receiving liquid hog manure showed higher bacterial counts (P = 0.0006). L. monocytogenes was recovered in one broccoli sample, but geno-serogrouping differentiated the isolate from those recovered in manure and irrigation water. The L. monocytogenes serogroup IIA, pulsotype 188 strain was found in six soil samples and in irrigation water applied 5 days before soil sampling. This study highlights the link between E. coli levels in irrigation water, irrigation frequency, and interval between irrigation and harvest on produce contamination. It also demonstrates that L. monocytogenes introduced into the soil following irrigation can persist for up to 5 days.

scholarly journals Correlation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Irrigation Water to Environmental Factors, Fecal Indicators, and Bacterial Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganyu Gu ◽  
Laura K. Strawn ◽  
Andrea R. Ottesen ◽  
Padmini Ramachandran ◽  
Elizabeth A. Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Produce Contamination

Outbreaks of foodborne illnesses linked to fresh fruits and vegetables have been key drivers behind a wide breadth of research aiming to fill data gaps in our understanding of the total ecology of agricultural water sources such as ponds and wells and the relationship of this ecology to foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Both S. enterica and L. monocytogenes can persist in irrigation water and have been linked to produce contamination events. Data describing the abundance of these organisms in specific agricultural water sources are valuable to guide water treatment measures. Here, we profiled the culture independent water microbiota of four farm ponds and wells correlated with microbiological recovery of S. enterica (prevalence: pond, 19.4%; well, 3.3%), L. monocytogenes (pond, 27.1%; well, 4.2%) and fecal indicator testing. Correlation between abiotic factors, including water parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen percentage, oxidation reduction potential, and turbidity) and weather (temperature and rainfall), and foodborne pathogens were also evaluated. Although abiotic factors did not correlate with recovery of S. enterica or L. monocytogenes (p > 0.05), fecal indicators were positively correlated with incidence of S. enterica in well water. Bacterial taxa such as Sphingomonadaceae and Hymenobacter were positively correlated with the prevalence and population of S. enterica, and recovery of L. monocytogenes was positively correlated with the abundance of Rhizobacter and Comamonadaceae (p < 0.03). These data will support evolving mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of produce contamination by foodborne pathogens through irrigation.

Residues and Persistence of Glyphosate in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Comes ◽  
V. F. Bruns ◽  
A. D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Dry Soil

Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] nor the soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the first flow of water through two canals following application of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha to ditchbanks when the canals were dry. Soil samples collected the day before canals were filled (about 23 weeks after treatment) contained about 0.35 ppm glyphosate and 0.78 ppm aminomethylphosphonic acid in the 0 to 10-cm layer. When glyphosate was metered into the water at a rate calculated to provide 150 ppb in the canal water at a single site on two flowing canals, about 70% of the glyphosate was accounted for 1.6 km downstream from the application site. Thereafter, the rate of disappearance diminished, and about 58% of the applied glyphosate was present at the end of the canals 8 or 14.4 km downstream from the introduction sites.

scholarly journals The Effect of Salinity and Irrigation Regimes on the Level of Fatty Acids in Olive Flesh Oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Ghaemi ◽  
Ali Dindarlou ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Golmakani ◽  
Fatemeh Razzaghi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Irrigation Levels

<p>Olive trees have the capability of growing under semi-arid regions, where drought and salinity are the major concerns. Two years field experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction effects of natural saline well water and irrigation levels on the quantity and quality of fatty acids in the olive flesh fruits (“Roghani” cultivar). A factorial layout within a randomized complete blocks design with three replications of five irrigation levels (I<sub>1</sub> to I<sub>5</sub> as 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25 ET<sub>c</sub>) and three saline water levels  (S<sub>1</sub> to S<sub>3</sub> as 100%WW, 50%WW+50%FW and 100%FW) were considered. The fresh and brackish irrigation water were withdrawn from two different natural wells (fresh water (FW) and saline water wells (WW)). <em>Results revealed that <strong>increasing salinity and decreasing irrigation water levels caused significant increment in the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid to the percentage of oil and oil percentage in olive flesh fruit</strong></em>. It is found that as water<em> </em>salinity increased from lowest to the highest level, the oleic acid trends to its highest value of 23.68% in I<sub>1</sub>S<sub>1</sub>. Mean values of palmitic acid in 2013 were 27.52% and decreased to 19% in 2014. <em>It is concluded that highest percentage of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids obtained under high saline and less applied irrigation treatment (S<sub>1</sub>I<sub>2</sub>) yielding to improve the olive oil quality.</em></p>

Changes in Aerobic Plate and Escherichia coli–Coliform Counts and in Populations of Inoculated Foodborne Pathogens on Inshell Walnuts during Storage

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1143-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. FRELKA ◽  
GORDON R. DAVIDSON ◽  
LINDA J. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Forced Air

ABSTRACT After harvest, inshell walnuts are dried using low-temperature forced air and are then stored in bins or silos for up to 1 year. To better understand the survival of bacteria on inshell walnuts, aerobic plate counts (APCs) and Escherichia coli–coliform counts (ECCs) were evaluated during commercial storage (10 to 12°C and 63 to 65% relative humidity) over 9 months. APCs decreased by 1.4 to 2.0 log CFU per nut during the first 5 months of storage, and ECCs decreased by 1.3 to 2.2 log CFU per nut in the first month of storage. Through the remaining 4 to 8 months of storage, APCs and ECCs remained unchanged (P &gt; 0.05) or decreased by &lt;0.15 log CFU per nut per month. Similar trends were observed on kernels extracted from the inshell walnuts. APCs and ECCs were consistently and often significantly higher on kernels extracted from visibly broken inshell walnuts than on kernels extracted from visibly intact inshell walnuts. Parameters measured in this study were used to determine the survival of five-strain cocktails of E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella inoculated onto freshly hulled inshell walnuts (~8 log CFU/g) after simulated commercial drying (10 to 12 h; 40°C) and simulated commercial storage (12 months at 10°C and 65% relative humidity). Populations declined by 2.86, 5.01, and 4.40 log CFU per nut for E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella, respectively, after drying and during the first 8 days of storage. Salmonella populations changed at a rate of −0.33 log CFU per nut per month between days 8 and 360, to final levels of 2.83 ± 0.79 log CFU per nut. E. coli and L. monocytogenes populations changed by −0.17 log CFU per nut per month and −0.26 log CFU per nut per month between days 8 and 360, respectively. For some samples, E. coli or L. monocytogenes populations were below the limit of detection by plating (0.60 log CFU per nut) by day 183 or 148, respectively; at least one of the six samples was positive at each subsequent sampling time by either plating or by enrichment.

Evaluation of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as a Sanitizer for Killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yeasts and Molds on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1176-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAYE V. SY ◽  
MELINDA B. MURRAY ◽  
M. DAVID HARRISON ◽  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was evaluated for effectiveness in killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut lettuce, cabbage, and carrot and Salmonella, yeasts, and molds on apples, peaches, tomatoes, and onions. Inoculum (100 μl, ca. 6.8 log CFU) containing five serotypes of Salmonella enterica, five strains of E. coli O157:H7, or five strains of L. monocytogenes was deposited on the skin and cut surfaces of fresh-cut vegetables, dried for 30 min at 22°C, held for 20 h at 4°C, and then incubated for 30 min at 22°C before treatment. The skin surfaces of apples, peaches, tomatoes, and onions were inoculated with 100 μl of a cell suspension (ca. 8.0 log CFU) containing five serotypes of Salmonella, and inoculated produce was allowed to dry for 20 to 22 h at 22°C before treatment. Treatment with ClO2 at 4.1 mg/liter significantly (α = 0.05) reduced the population of foodborne pathogens on all produce. Reductions resulting from this treatment were 3.13 to 4.42 log CFU/g for fresh-cut cabbage, 5.15 to 5.88 log CFU/g for fresh-cut carrots, 1.53 to 1.58 log CFU/g for fresh-cut lettuce, 4.21 log CFU per apple, 4.33 log CFU per tomato, 1.94 log CFU per onion, and 3.23 log CFU per peach. The highest reductions in yeast and mold populations resulting from the same treatment were 1.68 log CFU per apple and 2.65 log CFU per peach. Populations of yeasts and molds on tomatoes and onions were not significantly reduced by treatment with 4.1 mg/liter ClO2. Substantial reductions in populations of pathogens on apples, tomatoes, and onions but not peaches or fresh-cut cabbage, carrot, and lettuce were achieved by treatment with gaseous ClO2 without markedly adverse effects on sensory qualities.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in snail meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 6074-2018
Author(s):  
WALDEMAR PASZKIEWICZ ◽  
KRZYSZTOF SZKUCIK ◽  
MONIKA ZIOMEK ◽  
MICHAŁ GONDEK ◽  
RENATA PYZ-ŁUKASIK
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Raw Meat ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cornu Aspersum ◽  
Meat Samples

The objective of the research was to determine the occurrence of microorganisms of the Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in raw and frozen (cooked) snail meat obtained from both free-living and farmed edible snails. The research material comprised meat samples collected from three snail species (25g from each), that is, Roman snail (Helix pomatia – HP), small brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum aspersum – CAA) and large brown garden snail (Cornu aspersum maxima – CAM). Roman snails came from their natural environment and were harvested in Wielkopolska Voivodeship and Lower Silesia Voivodeship (regions A and B, respectively). The Cornu genus snails were obtained from two heliciculture farms located in the abovementioned voivodeships (farms A and B, respectively). On both farms, the snails were maintained under the mixed rearing system. The raw meat samples taken from the edible portion of snails, that is, the foot with collar and a fragment of the mantle, were obtained after the snails were sacrificed in the laboratory. The frozen meat samples, on the other hand, came from a snail meat processing facility. A total of 300 samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella spp., and 240 for the presence of Listeria spp. The research also included pooled soil samples of 0.5 kg each collected from polytunnels (in the pre-fattening stage) and outdoor farming plots (in the fattening stage). The tests for the Salmonella presence were performed in accordance with Polish standard PN-EN ISO 6579:2003, and the test for Listeria complied with PN-EN ISO 11290-1:1999. Listeria monocytogenes was identified by the PCR technique. Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the 300 samples of raw and cooked snail meat under study. Nor were these pathogens isolated from the soil samples. The absence of these bacteria in the raw meat samples indicates that Salmonella spp. did not occur in either the natural habitat of Roman snails or the two farms producing Cornu genus snails. On the other hand, bacteria of Listeria spp. were detected in 101 (42.1%) snail meat samples. A particularly high load of microbiota was found in raw meat, as these bacteria contaminated from 60% (for HP from region A and CAM from farm B) up to 75% (for CAA from farm A) of samples. Notably, a markedly lower percentage (35%) of samples containing Listeria spp. was found only among the Roman snail raw meat samples from the region B. Listeria spp. were also detected in all the soil samples. Thermal treatment of meat achieved a substantial reduction in the load of Listeria spp., but did not eliminate it. The frequency of this genus in frozen meat samples was from 63.5% (for CAM from farm A) to 15.4% (for CAA from farm B) of that in raw meat. The PCR technique was used identify 15 selected strains, including 11 from raw meat samples and 4 from cooked meat. A total of 5 isolates were recognized as Listeria monocytogenes (2.1% of all samples examined and 4.95% of samples with Listeria spp.). All of them originated from the raw meat of farmed snails, including one (CAA) from the farm A and four (3 CAA and 1 CAM) from the farm B. Bacteria of the Salmonella and Listeria genera occur in the natural habitat of edible snails, which poses a potential hazard to human health. Effective implementation of control programmes at the primary production stage is the first step that could considerably limit the presence of these pathogens in farmed snails and, consequently, in snail meat. .

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. in Oklahoma Conventional and Organic Retail Poultry

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesa Noormohamed ◽  
Mohamed K Fakhr
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacteris one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause bacterial gastroenteritis.This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance ofCampylobacterin conventional and organic retail poultry samples purchased from grocery stores in Tulsa, Oklahoma.One hundred and fifty six chilled retail chicken samples (85 conventional and 71 organic) and 65 chilled retail conventional turkey samples were collected in this study. The prevalence ofCampylobacterin the conventional chicken samples 32/85 (38%) was higher than in the organic ones 21/71 (30%). The prevalence ofCampylobacterin the conventional turkey samples was 11/65 (17%). Of the 53 positive chicken samples, 42 wereC. jejuni, 8 wereC. coliand three isolates were contaminated with both species. Of the 11 positive turkey samples, 8 containedC. jejuniand 3 harboredC. coliisolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of one hundred and forty nine recoveredCampylobacterisolates (130 chickens and 19 turkeys) towards sixteen antimicrobials was determined. The majority of the recovered turkey isolates (13/19) showed resistance to more than 7 antimicrobials while most of the recovered chicken ones (82/130) were resistant to 5 to 7 antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was not limited to isolates from conventional sources but was also available in isolates of an organic background and was generally lower inC. jejuniisolates when compared to theC. coliones.

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