Evaluation of Copper Alloy Surfaces for Inactivation of Tulane Virus and Human Noroviruses

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the efficacy of copper alloy surfaces for inactivation of Tulane virus (TV), assessed by plaque assay and porcine gastric mucin–conjugated magnetic bead (PGM-MB) binding assay, followed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (PGM-MB–RT-qPCR assay). In addition, the efficacy of a copper surface for inactivation of human norovirus (HuNoV) GII.4 Sydney and GI.3B Potsdam strains was evaluated by PGM-MB–RT-qPCR assay. Results of time-dependent inactivation of viruses on copper, bronze, and brass coupons revealed that 15 min of surface treatments of each of the copper and copper alloys achieved >4-log reduction of purified TV, as assessed by plaque assay, while up to 20 min of copper alloy surface treatments only achieved ∼2-log reduction, as assessed by PGM-MB–RT-qPCR assay. As assessed by PGM-MB–RT-qPCR assay, 10 min of copper surface treatments achieved reductions of 3 and 4 log units for HuNoVs GII.4 Sydney and GI.3B Potsdam, respectively. Results from this study suggest that even though PGM-MB–RT-qPCR assay underestimated the efficacy of copper alloy surface inactivation of TV, copper alloy surfaces were able to effectively inactivate TV and HuNoVs. Therefore, copper alloys can be used as a preventive measure to prevent HuNoV infection and are an effective surface treatment for HuNoVs. HIGHLIGHTS

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Evaluation of the Porcine Gastric Mucin Binding Assay for High-Pressure-Inactivation Studies Using Murine Norovirus and Tulane Virus

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02971-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 515-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Xinhui Li ◽

Haiqiang Chen

Keyword(s):

Culture Medium ◽

Binding Assay ◽

Plaque Assay ◽

Treatment Temperature ◽

Gastric Mucin ◽

Murine Norovirus ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Log Reduction ◽

Porcine Gastric Mucin ◽

Tulane Virus

ABSTRACTWe compared the results of high-hydrostatic-pressure (HHP) inactivation of murine norovirus type 1 (MNV-1) and Tulane virus (TV) obtained by a porcine gastric mucin binding assay followed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (referred to here as the PGM-MB/PCR assay) and a plaque assay and evaluated HHP inactivation of a human norovirus (HuNoV) genogroup I genotype 1 (GI.1) strain and a HuNoV GII.4 strain by using the PGM-MB/PCR assay. Viruses were treated at different pressure levels for 2 min at 4 or 21°C in culture medium of neutral pH and in culture medium of pH 4 at 21°C. The log reductions of infectious MNV-1 and TV particles caused by HHP were assessed using the PGM-MB/PCR and plaque assays, while the log reductions of HuNoVs were assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay only. For TV and MNV-1, the two pressure inactivation curves obtained using the plaque and PGM-MB/PCR assays were almost identical at ≤2-log-reduction levels regardless of the treatment temperature and pH. Further increasing the pressure over the 2-log-reduction level resulted in higher log reductions of TV and MNV-1, as assessed by the plaque assay, but did not increase the log reductions, as assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay. HHP treatments could achieve maximum reductions of ∼3 and 3.5 log units for GI.1 and GII.4, respectively, as assessed by the PGM-MB/PCR assay. On the basis of these results, it can reasonably be concluded that the PGM-MB/PCR assay would very likely be able to estimate HHP inactivation of HuNoV at ≤2-log-reduction levels. It would also likely conservatively quantify HHP inactivation of the GI.1 strain at 2- to 3-log-reduction levels and the GII.4 strain at 2- to 3.5-log-reduction levels.

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Antiparasitic Effect of Copper Alloy Surface on Cryptocaryon irritans in Aquaculture of Larimichthys crocea

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01982-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Fei Yin ◽

Peibo Bao ◽

Xiao Liu ◽

Youbin Yu ◽

Lei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Copper Alloy ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Alloy Surface ◽

Larimichthys Crocea ◽

Content Type ◽

Cryptocaryon Irritans ◽

Metal Levels

ABSTRACT Copper and alloys containing >60% copper by weight are antimicrobial. In aquaculture, copper alloys are used as part of corrosion-resistant cages or as part of copper coating. To test whether a copper alloy surface prevents the outbreak of parasitosis in the aquaculture of Larimichthys crocea, we covered the bottom of the aquaculture tank with sheets of copper alloy containing 74% to 78% copper, and we cultured L. crocea juveniles that had been artificially infected with the protozoan parasite Cryptocaryon irritans. Our results showed that these copper alloy sheets effectively blocked the infectious cycle of C. irritans within a 1-week period and significantly reduced the number of C. irritans trophonts and tomonts, thereby decreasing the mortality rate of L. crocea. In in vitro assays, the cytoplasmic membranes of protomonts disintegrated and the cytoplasm overflowed after just 5 minutes of contact with copper alloy surfaces. Although the same cytoplasmic membrane disintegration was not observed in tomonts, the tomonts completely lost their capacity for proliferation and eventually died following direct contact with copper alloy sheets for 1 h; this is likely because C. irritans tomonts took in >100 times more copper ions following contact with the copper alloy sheets than within the control aquaculture environment. Exposure to copper alloy sheets did not lead to excessive heavy metal levels in the aquacultured fish or in the culture seawater. IMPORTANCE Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate that penetrates the epithelium of the gills, skin, and fins of marine fish, causes acute suffocation and death in cultured fish within days of infection. Much of the existing research centers around the prevention of C. irritans infection, but no cure has been found. Studies demonstrate that copper has strong antimicrobial properties, and fish grown in copper-containing cages have lower rates of C. irritans infection, compared to those grown in other currently used aquaculture cages. In this study, we found that an alloy containing 74% to 78% copper by weight effectively killed C. irritans cells and prevented cryptocaryoniasis outbreaks within a 1-week period. These findings offer a new perspective on the prevention and control of cryptocaryoniasis.

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Sporicidal efficacy of thermal-sprayed copper alloy coating

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2016-0638 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 384-391

Author(s):

Romina Shafaghi ◽

Javad Mostaghimi ◽

Valerian Pershin ◽

Maurice Ringuette

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Sheet Metal ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Thermal Spray Technology ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Alloy Coating ◽

Copper Surface ◽

Alloy Sheet ◽

Copper Surfaces

Approximately 200 000 Canadians acquire healthcare-associated bacterial infections each year and several-fold more acquire food-borne bacterial illnesses. Bacterial spores are particularly problematic because they can survive on surfaces for several months. Owing to its sporicidal activity, copper alloy sheet metal is sometimes used in hospital settings, but its widespread use is limited by cost and incompatibility with complex furniture and instrument designs and topographies. A potential alternative is the use of thermal spray technology to coat surfaces with copper alloys. We compared the sporicidal activity of thermally sprayed copper alloy on stainless steel with that of copper alloy sheet metal against Bacillus subtilis spores. Spores remained intact for at least 1 week on uncoated stainless steel, whereas spore fragmentation was initiated within 2 h of exposure to either copper surface. Less than 15% of spores were viable 2 h after exposure to either copper surface, as compared with stainless steel. By day 7, only degraded spores and petal-like nanoflowers were present on the copper surfaces. Nanoflowers, which are laminar arrangements of thin crystal sheets composed of carbon – copper phosphate, appeared to be derived from the degraded spores. Altogether, these results indicate that a thermal-sprayed copper alloy coating on stainless steel provides sporicidal activity similar to that afforded by copper alloy sheet metal.

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COPPER ALLOY No. 185

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0390 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Tensile Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Circuit Breaker ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Age Hardening ◽

Good Strength

Abstract Copper Alloy No. 185 has fairly high electrical and thermal conductivity in combination with good strength and hardnes. It is an age-hardening type of alloy containing nominally 0.10% silver; it formerly was known as one of the Chromium Copper alloys. Among its many applications are circuit breaker parts, electrode holder jaws, switch contacts and electrical and thermal conductors requiring greater strength than copper. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-390. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.

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ULTRONZE

Alloy Digest ◽

10.31399/asm.ad.cu0417 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

Keyword(s):

Corrosion Resistance ◽

Stress Relaxation ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

High Performance ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Heat Treating ◽

Bend Strength ◽

Excellent Corrosion Resistance ◽

Relaxation Characteristics

Abstract ULTRONZE is a copper alloy also known as Olin Alloy 654. It bridges the gap between standard high-performance copper alloys and beryllium-copper alloys, thus enabling the design of parts with properties previously only attainable with more expensive materials. The alloy has superior stress-relaxation characteristics, good bend performance and excellent corrosion resistance. Among its typical uses are electrical connectors, fuse clips and relay springs. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: Cu-417. Producer or source: Olin Brass.

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Copper and copper alloys. Eddy current test for measuring defects on seamless round copper and copper alloy tubes

10.3403/30385577 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Eddy Current ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Eddy Current Test ◽

Current Test

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Copper and copper alloys. Eddy current test for measuring defects on seamless round copper and copper alloy tubes

10.3403/30385574 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Eddy Current ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Eddy Current Test ◽

Current Test

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Key to C2 production: selective C–C coupling for electrochemical CO2 reduction on copper alloy surfaces

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d1cc03796j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (75) ◽

pp. 9526-9529

Author(s):

Xing Zhi ◽

Yan Jiao ◽

Yao Zheng ◽

Shi-Zhang Qiao

Keyword(s):

Electronic Structures ◽

Copper Alloy ◽

Copper Alloys ◽

Co2 Reduction ◽

Electrochemical Co2 Reduction

The OC–COH coupling is kinetically facilitated compared to OC–CHO coupling, which is induced by the optimized composition and electronic structures of copper alloys.

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