Community Support for Korean as a Heritage Language in the United States

This chapter discusses how Asian immigrant communities in the United States cultivate Asian immigrant children's literacy learning in their heritage languages. Although the United States has historically been a linguistically diverse country, bilingualism has not always been valued and acknowledged. Strong social and institutional expectations for immigrants to acquire the socially dominant language have resulted in language shifts among immigrants. Concerned about their descendants' heritage language loss, Asian immigrant communities make organized efforts to establish community-based heritage language schools. Heritage language schools play an important role in immigrant children's learning of their heritage language and culturally appropriate ways of behaving and communicating. It has also been noted that heritage language schools encounter several challenges in motivating heritage language learners. Heritage language schools should be considered as complementary education for immigrant students because they take critical responsibilities to support immigrant students' language and literacy development in their heritage languages.

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Arabic as a Heritage Language in the United States

International Multilingual Research Journal ◽

10.1080/19313152.2010.499041 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 125-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jeffrey Bale

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Heritage Language ◽

The United States

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Critical Care Nurses’ Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A US National Survey

American Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.4037/ajcc2022312 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. e1-e7

Author(s):

Jill L. Guttormson ◽

Kelly Calkins ◽

Natalie McAndrew ◽

Jacklynn Fitzgerald ◽

Holly Losurdo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Critical Care ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Moral Distress ◽

Community Support ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Critical Care Nurses ◽

Emotional Symptoms

Background Given critical care nurses’ high prepandemic levels of moral distress and burnout, the COVID-19 pandemic will most likely have a tremendous influence on intensive care unit (ICU) nurses’ mental health and continuation in the ICU workforce. Objective To describe the experiences of ICU nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Methods Nurses who worked in ICUs in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic were recruited to complete a survey from October 2020 through early January 2021 through social media and the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Three open-ended questions focused on the experiences of ICU nurses during the pandemic. Results Of 498 nurses who completed the survey, 285 answered the open-ended questions. Nurses reported stress related to a lack of evidence-based treatment, poor patient prognosis, and lack of family presence in the ICU. Nurses perceived inadequate leadership support and inequity within the health care team. Lack of consistent community support to slow the spread of COVID-19 or recognition that COVID-19 was real increased nurses’ feelings of isolation. Nurses reported physical and emotional symptoms including exhaustion, anxiety, sleeplessness, and moral distress. Fear of contracting COVID-19 or of infecting family and friends was also prevalent. Conclusions Intensive care unit nurses in the United States experienced unprecedented and immense burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding these experiences provides insights into areas that must be addressed to build and sustain an ICU nurse workforce. Studies are needed to further describe nurses’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify effective resources that support ICU nurse well-being.

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Ethical and practical considerations for interventional HIV cure-related research at the end-of-life: A qualitative study with key stakeholders in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254148 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254148

Author(s):

John Kanazawa ◽

Sara Gianella ◽

Susanna Concha-Garcia ◽

Jeff Taylor ◽

Andy Kaytes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

End Of Life ◽

Community Support ◽

The United States ◽

Empirical Ethics ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Hiv Cure ◽

Related Research ◽

Stakeholder Groups ◽

The Impact

Background A unique window of opportunity currently exists to generate ethical and practical considerations presented by interventional HIV cure-related research at the end-of-life (EOL). Because participants would enroll in these studies for almost completely altruistic reasons, they are owed the highest ethical standards, safeguards, and protections. This qualitative empirical ethics study sought to identify ethical and practical considerations for interventional HIV cure-related research at the EOL. Methods and findings We conducted 20 in-depth interviews and three virtual focus groups (N = 36) with four key stakeholder groups in the United States: 1) bioethicists, 2) people with HIV, 3) HIV care providers, and 4) HIV cure researchers. This study produced six key themes to guide the ethical implementation of interventional HIV cure-related research at the EOL: 1) all stakeholder groups supported this research conditioned upon a clearly delineated respect for participant contribution and autonomy, participant understanding and comprehension of the risks associated with the specific intervention(s) to be tested, and broad community support for testing of the proposed intervention(s); 2) to ensure acceptable benefit-risk profiles, researchers should focus on limiting the risks of unintended effects and minimizing undue pain and suffering at the EOL; 3) only well-vetted interventions that are supported by solid pre-clinical data should be tested in the EOL translational research model; 4) the informed consent process must be robust and include process consent; 5) research protocols should be flexible and adopt a patient/participant centered approach to minimize burdens and ensure their overall comfort and safety; and 6) a participant’s next-of-kin/loved ones should be a major focus of EOL research but only if the participant consents to such involvement. Conclusions To our knowledge, this empirical ethics study generated the first ethical and practical considerations for interventional HIV cure-related research at the EOL. The ethical complexities of such research must be considered now. We must navigate this ethical conundrum so that we are good stewards of the participants’ extremely altruistic gifts by maximizing the impact and social value of this research. We hope that this study will serve as the foundation for future research and discussion on this topic.

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