"Europe's Inner Demons": The "Other" as Threat in Early Twentieth-Century European Culture

2013 ◽  
pp. 228-240
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1451-1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER GOTO-JONES

AbstractThis article inquires into the cultural and political nexus of secular (stage) magic, modernity, and Orientalism at the turn of the twentieth century. It argues that these three arenas interacted in important and special ways to both shape and reflect the politics of knowledge of the period. In doing so, it draws attention to the ways in which secular magic has been overlooked as a historical phenomenon and highlights its utility in furthering our understanding of the great problematics of modernity and Orientalism; in particular, it suggests that magic actually provides an unusually vibrant and clear lens through which to view the politics of the Other and through which to explore issues of tradition and the modern.Focusing on two historical cases—the ‘Indian Rope Trick’ challenge issued by the Magic Circle in the 1930s and the astonishing ‘duel’ between the ‘Chinese’ magicians Chung Ling Soo and Ching Ling Foo in 1905—this article considers the ways in which discourses of origination, popular ideas about esotericism and the ‘mystic East’, and questions of technical competence interacted and competed in the culture politics of the early twentieth century.


Author(s):  
Jean C. Griffith

This essay examines the roles the character Easter in “Moon Lake” plays in the context of early-twentieth-century debates about the roots of poverty and society’s level of responsibility to poor children. By placing the focus of the story not on Easter but on the genteel Morgana girls’ shifting attitudes about her, Welty illustrates the ways child welfare policy was shaped by conflicting attitudes, whereby sympathy for innocent children coexisted with scorn for their parents. Assuming that Easter lives outside the boundaries that mark their own places in Morgana’s gendered, class-bound, and racially-segregated society, Jinny Love Stark and Nina Carmichael imagine the “orphan” to embody a womanhood untethered by race or rank, one, perhaps, more representative of American democracy. Ultimately, though, the girls come to see that Easter’s status as an orphan makes her more marked by and vulnerable to the violence and oppression that shape the South’s racial patriarchy.


Author(s):  
Paul Schor

This chapter discusses changes in racial categorization in the early twentieth century with respect to the US census. Whenever there was a question of the racial classification of new populations, whether in the continental United States or in the territories acquired since 1867, the census always relied on the principles and techniques developed since 1850 to distinguish blacks from whites. Chief among these was the principle of hypodescent, in more or less rigid forms. However, the early twentieth century saw change occurring in two directions: on the one hand, the racialization of a growing number of non-European immigrants and their descendants; on the other, the weakening of the distinctions between the descendants of European immigrants. The remainder of the chapter details the disappearance of the “mulatto” category and the introduction and forcible elimination of the “Mexican” category.


Antiquity ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (334) ◽  
pp. 1179-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Bradfield

Bone points of two types, the one thin and poisoned and the other robust and not poisoned, are examined in this study of impact fractures. The bone points seem to have had similar experiences to stone points, producing fractures of a similar kind. Most of the fractures in the historical collection examined were caused by impacts. However, this early twentieth-century collection is not thought to be representative of contemporary fracture frequencies that occurred in hunting.


Jazz in China ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Eugene Marlow

The superior war-making technology of the Western colonial powers—the steam-driven warship and cannon—made the difference between China prevailing and its defeat during the Opium Wars. It resulted in the colonial powers controlling Shanghai, tantamount to controlling China. In turn, the colonial powers brought their culture with them to Shanghai, which included jazz in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Within a couple of decades, jazz became not only the music of Shanghai but was global. This chapter asks how jazz traveled halfway around the world to China (and in the other direction, to Europe) so quickly? And how did the non-American musicians in Shanghai (Russians, Filipinos, and Chinese) learn to play the music for dance hall purposes? Transportation and communications technologies of the early twentieth century—the steamship, the locomotive, the gramophone, and early film—also were major influences in bringing jazz to China's shores.


Author(s):  
David J. Howlett

This chapter narrates Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints' and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' interactions at the sacred shrine from 1900 to 1964. The sometimes awkward early twentieth-century meetings between these two groups set the patterns for later interactions at the temple. A rich folklore about the temple was generated by the two competing denominations, and they shared in disseminating tales to one another. In the process, they reconstructed the Kirtland Temple's history to meet their present denomination's needs. In many ways, the Kirtland Temple proved to be a mirror for these groups, reflecting the image of the beholder. That the other group could not see the same image proved an obvious point of contention. At the same time, the temple began to be more physically accessible to members of both churches as an American tourist industry arose that would transform pilgrimage to the temple.


Author(s):  
David Assaf

This chapter turns to the fall of the Seer of Lublin. At the turn of the nineteenth century one of the most revered figures among Polish and non-Polish hasidic leaders and their flock was the tsadik Rabbi Jacob Isaac Horowitz, better known as the Seer of Lublin (1745?–1815). In 1814 the Seer fell out of a window in his house, suffering critical injuries that led to his death nine months later in 1815. Although these bare facts are not disputed, their interpretation, as rendered by hasidic and maskilic writers as well as others, differs substantially. Of these varying interpretations, the maskilic version was the earliest. Written in the style of a journalistic exposé, this satiric account followed upon the heels of the fall itself, making its initial appearance even prior to the Seer’s death. The hasidic counter-version, on the other hand, with its clearly apologetic and polemical overtones is late, dating only from the early twentieth century. The chapter traces the transmission of these opposing traditions, showing how their divergent treatments of the Seer’s fall illustrate patterns of imagery, memory, and dispute.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-101
Author(s):  
Nicolas Rasiulis

Drawing on seven months of anthropological fieldwork conducted in northernmost Mongolia among nomadic Dukha reindeer herders (widely known as Tsaatan), this article examines Dukha economic diversification in light of the history of the Upper Yenisei–Darkhad Depression region in northern Inner Asia. Before its dislocation into discrete territories of different socialist countries in the early twentieth century, this place, which I call the Tannu Uriankhai Girdle, comprised an integrated economic mosaic that featured both taiga- and steppe-based pastoralism, as well as hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture, inter- and intra-regional trade and remunerated labour. Reindeer pastoralism complemented and was complemented by the other facets of this economic mosaic. Now the Dukha economy itself comprises nearly all facets of this mosaic. This economic configuration affords and is afforded by greater degrees of autonomy and autarky, which reinforce and are reinforced by the ongoing partnership between Dukha, reindeer and their shared taiga homeland.


Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4500 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
MARCEL SANTOS DE ARAÚJO ◽  
ANTONELLA DI PALMA ◽  
REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO FERES

No living Opilioacarus species have been described from Europe for more than a century since the first finding and species description in the early twentieth century. Using the material deposited in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona, Italy, it was possible to identify and describe a new Opilioacarus species and review the genus diagnosis, using the shape of setae d and setation of the preanal segment. The new species is also briefly compared with the other Opilioacarus species; Opilioacarus italicus (With, 1904) is considered a nomen dubium. 


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