Displacement and Trauma

Rohingya children have become victims of mass displacement, with some of them being internally or externally displaced because of long-standing violence and prejudice in their own country. Currently, a substantial number of them are residing in refugee camps in Bangladesh. They lost all their rights, including the right to retain their native country's nationality. Their basic human rights are violated when they become stateless refugees in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasize equality, equity, and social justice. Rohingya children in refugee camps face adversity and have limited access to informal education and health services. Due to a lack of nutritious food, healthcare services, medicines, and basic sanitation, the health conditions for some of them are exceedingly poor. Children, particularly young girls, are vulnerable to gender-based violence, child marriage, and human trafficking, both for sex and manual labor. This chapter investigates the childhood experiences of displaced Rohingya children living in Bangladeshi refugee camps.

Socio-Emotional Skills and the Rich-Poor Learning Gap

Empirical evidence suggests that children's socio-emotional skills—an important determinant of school achievement—vary by socio-economic family background. In this study, we assessed the degree to which differences in socio-emotional skills contribute to the achievement gap between rich and poor children. We used data on 74 countries from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which contains an extensive set of psychological measures, including growth mindset, self-efficacy, and work mastery. We developed three conceptual scenarios to analyze the role of socio-emotional skills in learning inequality: simple accumulation, multiplicative accumulation, and compensatory accumulation. Our findings are in line with the simple accumulation scenario: rich children have somewhat higher levels of socio-emotional skills than poor children, but the effect of these skills on academic performance is largely similar for both groups. Using a counterfactual decomposition method, we show that socio-emotional skills explain no more than 8.8% of the rich-poor achievement gap. Based on these findings, we argue that initiatives to promote social and emotional learning (SEL) are unlikely to substantially reduce educational inequalities.

Influence of Parents, Peers and the Public on the Behavior of Street Children in Khartoum, Sudan

Children living on the streets are a common sight in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan, and other parts of the country. These children have been exposed to many types of pressure which influence behavior outcomes. This study aims to investigate the street children’s socioeconomic profiles and examine the social-psychological influence of parents, peers and the public on the children’s behavior. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 12 markets in Khartoum state. 350 street children from the 12 markets volunteered for the face-to-face interview administered questionnaire. The study found that parents stressors and peers stressors significantly influence the children to perform maladaptive behavior. However, the public did not have any significant effect on children’s maladaptive behavior. The study suggests intervention programs should be applied to stop children from ending up on the streets by providing families with a basic income to guarantee children's welfare, security and sense of family life. To stop children from going back to the streets, a free education policy, fee waivers and free meals for poor children are recommended.

Understanding urban inequalities in children’s linear growth outcomes: a trend and decomposition analysis of 39,049 children in Bangladesh (2000-2018)

Background Despite significant progress in reducing child undernutrition, Bangladesh remains among the top six countries globally with the largest burden of child stunting and has disproportionately high stunting prevalence among the urban poor. We use population representative data to identify key predictors of child stunting in Bangladesh and assess their contributions to linear growth differences observed between urban poor and non-poor children. Methods We combined six rounds of Demographic and Health Survey data spanning 2000-2018 and used official poverty rates to classify the urban population into poor and non-poor households. We identified key stunting determinants using stepwise selection method. Regression-decomposition was used to quantify contributions of these key determinants to poverty-based intra-urban differences in child linear growth status. Results Key stunting determinants identified in our study predicted 84% of the linear growth difference between urban poor and non-poor children. Child’s place of birth (27%), household wealth (22%), maternal education (18%), and maternal body mass index (11%) were the largest contributors to the intra-urban child linear growth gap. Difference in average height-for-age z score between urban poor and non-poor children declined by 0.31 standard deviations between 2000 and 2018. About one quarter of this observed decrease was explained by reduced differentials between urban poor and non-poor in levels of maternal education and maternal underweight status. Conclusions Although the intra-urban disparity in child linear growth status declined over the 2000-2018 period, socioeconomic gaps remain significant. Increased nutrition-sensitive programs and investments targeting the urban poor to improve girls’ education, household food security, and maternal and child health services could aid in further narrowing the remaining linear growth gap.

TEKNIK PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN DALAM MENENTUKAN PENERIMA KARTU INDONESIA PINTAR KULIAH (KIP-KULIAH) DENGAN METODE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

In realizing accessibility and equalizing of high-quality education and relevant to community interests for progress, independence, and prosperity. The government is obliged to increase access and learning opportunities at universities and to prepare intelligent and competitive Indonesian people. There is no term “poor children are being banned fromschool or college” in this country. Those who are less able and have achievements, must continue to advance to higher education through the Indonesian Smart College Card or KIP- College from the Government. This research is to create a decision support technique in determining KIP-College recipients using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method so that it is right on target. Besides that, it is also to assist operators in determining KIP-College recipients, especially in processing and selecting data for parents who are truly from underprivileged economic classes.

402Measles vaccine coverage: The rise of vaccine hesitancy in upper-middle income countries

Background With the rise of vaccine hesitancy, which is allegedly more frequent among rich families, we hypothesized that the classical pattern of a positive gradient in coverage with rising wealth may no longer be observable in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods We analysed DHS and MICS surveys conducted from 2010-2018 in 88 LMICs. We estimated inequality in measles vaccination coverage by wealth quintile for children aged 12-23 months using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII). Negative SII values indicate higher coverage among poor children. We correlated the SII with per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), using countries as the units. Results Pearson’s correlation coefficient between SII and log per capita GDP was -0.35 (p < 0.001). The percentages of countries with higher coverage among children from poor families than among those from wealthy families were 14%, 21% and 54% in low, lower-middle and upper-middle income countries (p level for trend=0.001), respectively (Figure 1). Conclusions Our results are consistent with lower vaccination coverage among the wealthy when compared to poor families in countries with higher per capita GDPs. Key messages Vaccine hesitancy was initially detected in high-income countries, but our analyses show that it is also present in upper-middle income countries.

Tonic for Body or Soul: Fresh Air for Poor Children in Progressive Era New York City

The Fresh Air Fund and the Floating Hospital were two charities that launched in Gilded Age New York City and flourished during the Progressive Era. Part of the fresh air charity movement, both organizations argued that impoverished children living in crowded tenement districts needed fresher air. But these reformers had strikingly different notions of what fresh air was and where to find it. The Floating Hospital cast fresh air as medicine that children could breathe in the city’s harbor, but urban air could never be fresh to the Fresh Air Fund. Using fresh air as a symbol of rural wholesomeness in contrast to urban deviance, the organization aimed to mold children into model citizens by exposing them to the countryside. Diverging ideas about cities and air impacted children’s experiences, determining whether charities treated them equally regardless of race or sex and whether reformers respected or tried to break familial bonds.