Power and Dissent: The Trade Unions in the Federal Republic of Germany Re-Examined

2005 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany

Power and dissent: The trade unions in the federal republic of Germany re‐examined

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei S. Markovits ◽  
Christopher S. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany

Deregulation and Privatization in Germany

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Vogelsang
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Public Enterprises ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Normative Foundation ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Community Forces

ABSTRACTPublic enterprises in the Federal Republic of Germany are about average for all nonsocialist countries and markets are more heavily regulated than in the United States. Compared to American deregulation and British privatization, there have been few developments in the Federal Republic. Why? In the last ten years new schools of thought have provided a stronger normative foundation for and a stronger positive explanation against deregulation and privatization in Germany in the near future. The German political debate on deregulation and privatization is characterized by three institutional peculiarities. Major steps to deregulate or privatize economic sectors require legislation, which is influenced by political parties. Trade unions exert a strong influence on the major parties and are opposed to privatization and deregulation. The European Community forces some deregulation upon the Federal Republic in order to liberalize service sectors.

Professional Qualification of German Physicians in Medical Informatics

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 312-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michaelis
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Medical Informatics ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Professional Qualification ◽  
Medical Degree ◽  
Formal Program ◽  
Medical Domain

Abstract:In addition to the medical education in the Federal Republic of Germany which includes a compulsory Medical Informatics course there exists a formal program for professional qualification of physicians in Medical Informatics. After two years of clinical practice and 1.5 years of professional training at an authorized institution, a physician may receive in addition to the medical degree a “supplement Medical Informatics”. The qualification requirements are described in detail. Physicians with the additional Medical Informatics qualification perform responsible tasks in their medical domain and serve as partners for fully specialized Medical Informatics ex-’ perts in the solution of practical Medical Informatics problems. The formal qualification is available for more than 10 years, has become increasingly attractive, and is expected to grow with respect to future Medical Informatics developments.

Studies on Thalidomide as a Cause of Congenital Malformations

1963 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 49-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Knapp ◽  
W. Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Many Sources

SummaryIn 1961 an increase in certain congenital malformations was noticed in various parts of the Federal Republic of Germany. From the outset, it seemed very probable that a single cause was responsible, since, although these malformations varied, they appeared to belong to one and the same syndrome. For general reasons, such causes as radioactivity, contraceptives, attempted abortions or virus diseases did not provide an acceptable explanation. The epidemiology was, however, suggestive of some chemical substance taken orally.After thalidomide had been indicated in several histories, suspicion of that drug was aroused and, within one week, intake of it could be proved or was found to be very likely in 17 out of 20 cases, while in the remaining cases it could not be excluded. Though this first result was highly significant, we were at first reluctant to incriminate thalidomide definitely, because there was still some doubt about the reliability of the histories. But within a few weeks, the thalidomide aetiology received support from many sources. Specific studies on limited material are sometimes superior to extensive, broadly planned investigations.

Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Misfeld ◽  
J. Timm
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Bundesrepublik Deutschland ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

AbstractOn the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.

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