Jeffers, (John) Robinson (1887–1962)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Bubel
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Free Verse ◽  
Environmental Aesthetics ◽  
World War ◽  
Robinson Jeffers ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Narrative Poems ◽  
Second World ◽  
Critical Interest

Renowned as the ‘poet of Carmel-Sur’, Robinson Jeffers held a place of prominence in American literature from the mid-1920s through to the 1930s. He lived in seclusion with his family at Tor House, which he built from sea-worn granite on a promontory in Carmel, California. In Carmel he developed his signature style of graphically tragic narrative poems and verse dramas, typically set in the surrounding landscape and accompanied by meditative lyric poems exploring related themes. Jeffers eschewed high modernism’s post-symbolist aesthetics for what he saw as its withdrawal from reality, crafting instead a free verse style that employed long, rhythmically stressed lines and a solemn tone. His prosody and themes are coloured by his non-anthropocentric philosophy, which he named inhumanism. Jeffers’ critical acclaim turned to disfavour during the Depression and the Second World War; his popularity fluctuated, and finally dwindled. Critical interest in Jeffers’ works was renewed in the 1970s and 1980s, and readership has since increased, particularly due to the timeliness of his acute environmental aesthetics.

scholarly journals The patterns of the Estonian sonnet: periodization, incidence, meter and rhyme

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-124
Author(s):  
Rebekka Lotman
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Free World ◽  
Free Verse ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Estonian Language ◽  
Iambic Pentameter ◽  
Second World

The first sonnets in Estonian language were published almost 650 years after this verse form was invented by Federico da Lentini in Sicily, in the late of 19th century. Sonnet form became instantly very popular in Estonia and has since remained the most important fixed form in Estonian poetry. Despite its widespread presence over time the last comprehensive research on Estonian sonnet was written in 1938.This article has a twofold aim. First, it will give an overview of the incidence of Estonian sonnets from its emergence in 1881 until 2015. The data will be studied from the diachronic perspective; in calculating the popularity of the sonnet form in Estonian poetry through the years, the number of the sonnets published each year has been considered in relation to the amount of published poetry books. The second aim is to outline through the statistical analyses Estonian sonnets formal patterns: rhyme schemes and meter. The sonnet’s original meter, hendecasyllable, is tradionally translated into Estonian as iambic pentameter. However, over the time various meters from various verse systems (accentual, syllabic, syllabic-accentual, free verse) have been used. The data of various meters used in Estonian sonnets will also be examined on the diachronic axis. I have divided the history of Estonian sonnets into eight parts: the division is not based only on time, but also space: post Second World War Estonian sonnet (as the whole culture) was divided into two, Estonian sonnet abroad, i. e in the free world, and sonnet in Soviet Estonia.The material for this study includes all the published sonnets in Estonian language, i.e almost 4400 texts.

Revaluations, I: D. H. Lawrence, “Studies in Classic American Literature”

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
D. S. R. Welland
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
American Literature ◽  
American Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

Obviously, British interest; in American studies is not something which began during the Second World War and matured rapidly after 1945. Yet, no doubt because of post-1945 enthusiasm for American studies in many parts of Great Britain, such an impression has often been engendered – sometimes, indeed, unwittingly by those who ought to know better. It is partly with the object of correcting such an impression that fche Bulletin hopes to publish, from time to time, revaluations of pioneering British works on American subjects. There are at least three other good reasons for attempting a series of this kind: it might help to stimulate British students of American subjects to explore the traditions within which they are working; it could draw attention to neglected but significant British writings on American themes; and it might well produce some articles which are interesting in their own right.

Baldwin’s Giovanni’s Room (1956) as a Transgressive White-Life Novel

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-204
Author(s):  
Loredana Bercuci
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Black Writers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World War ◽  
White Masculinity ◽  
War Fiction ◽  
Visual Metaphors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

"James Baldwin’s Giovanni’s Room (1956) as a Transgressive White-Life Novel. In the wake of the Second World War, American literature saw the rise of a type of novel that is little known today: the white-life novel. This type of novel is written by black writers but describes white characters acting in a mostly white milieu. While at the time African-American critics praised this new way of writing as a sign of maturity, many have since criticized it for being regressive by pandering to white tastes. This paper sets out to analyze the most famous of these novels, namely James Baldwin’s Giovanni’s Room (1956). It is my contention that Giovanni’s Room connects blackness and queerness through the use of visual metaphors in the novel, disrupting thus the post-war consensus on ideals of white masculinity. The novel, while seemingly abandoning black protagonists, enacts a subtle critique of white heteronormativity akin to Baldwin’s own positioning within American thought of the post-war era. Keywords: blackness, James Baldwin, post-war fiction, queer, white-life novel "

scholarly journals Foreign Literature in Fascist Italy: Circulation and Censorship

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Dunnett
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
John Steinbeck ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Historical Contextualisation ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article the author sets out to illustrate some of the strategies which Italian translators and publishers adopted, or were forced to adopt, to ensure that their texts passed muster under Fascism. “Taboo” areas are identified and an attempt is made to sketch out what were often rather vague criteria for acceptability. The author proceeds to survey the mechanisms that were put in place to vet books—essentially, preventive censorship and police confiscation—for the duration of the dictatorship. It is argued that the apparatus of the State was only partially successful at monitoring the content of works of literature. This historical contextualisation, drawing on archival and published material, is followed by a number of case-studies, first of three novels by John Steinbeck, and then of Americana, a famous anthology of American literature published during the Second World War. In her conclusion, the author draws attention to the failure of the regime to implement a watertight policy on translation, despite its desire to influence the way readers interpreted books.

Isherwood, Christopher (1904–1986)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
World War ◽  
Christopher Isherwood ◽  
Second World

Christopher Isherwood was a British American novelist, memoirist, and playwright best known for The Berlin Diaries, a fictionalized portrayal of his experiences with the urban demimonde and the rise of Nazism in pre-Second World War Berlin. A close friend of W. H. Auden and other modernist writers, Isherwood used modernist aesthetic technique to present the destructive effects of Fascism on the ethical behavior of ordinary Germans (Spiro: 17). Isherwood's work had considerable influence on British and, after his move in 1939 to Los Angeles, American literature.

scholarly journals In a Time Loop: Politics and the Ideological Significance of Monuments to Those Who Perished on Saint Anne Mountain (1934–1955, Germany/Poland)

Arts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tomaszewicz ◽  
Joanna Majczyk
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Architectural Drawings ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Time Loop ◽  
Second World

Polish Góra św. Anny (Saint Anne Mountain), previously German Annaberg, is one of the few places in the world where art was utilized to promote two regimes—fascist and communist. With the use of art, the refuge of pagan gods and then, Christian Saint John’s Mountain with Saint Ann’s church and a calvary site were transformed into a mausoleum of the victims of uprisings and wars—those placed by politics on opposite sides of the barricade. The “sacred” character of the mountain was appropriated in the 1930s by the fascist Thingstätte under the form of an open-air theatre with a mausoleum, erected to commemorate fallen German soldiers in the Third Silesian Uprising. After the Second World War, the same place was “sacralized” by the Monument of the Insurgents’ Deed, which replaced the German object. The aim of both of them was to commemorate those who had perished in the same armed conflicts—uprisings from the years 1919–1921, when the Poles opposed German administration of Upper Silesia. According to the assumptions of both national socialism as well as communism, the commemorative significance of both monuments was subjected to ideological messages. Both monuments were supposed to constitute not only the most important element of the place where patriotic manifestations were intended to be held, but also a kind of counterbalance for the local pilgrims’ center dedicated to the cult of Saint Anne. The aim of the paper is to present the process of transforming a Nazi monument into its communist counterpart, at the same time explaining the significance of both monuments in the context of changing political reality. This paper has not been based on one exclusive research method—historical and field studies have been conducted, together with iconographical and iconological analyses of the monuments viewed from their comparative perspective. The text relies on archive materials—documents, press releases, and projects, including architectural drawings of the monument staffage—discovered by the authors and never published before. They would connect the structure not only to the surrounding landscape but, paradoxically, to the fascist Thingstätte.

Badr Shâkir Al-Sayyâb and the Free Verse Movement

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issa J. Boullata
Keyword(s):  
General Condition ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Free Verse ◽  
World War ◽  
Arabic Poetry ◽  
Modern Arabic ◽  
Second World

To measure the achievement of Badr Shâkir al-Sayyâb and ascertain his place in modern Arabic poetry, the general condition of Arabic poetry up to the Second World War must be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals A narrativa norte-americana e a Segunda Guerra Mundial

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Tom Burns
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Hollywood Movies ◽  
American Society ◽  
Second World

Resumo: Neste artigo são discutidas as narrativas ficcionais e jornalísticas da Segunda Guerra Mundial no contexto de discórdia da sociedade norte -americana, que esteve dividida entre isolacionistas e intervencionistas durante os primeiros anos da guerra. A participação espontânea na guerra e a dúvida sobre uma percepção clara por que os homens lutavam têm sido questionadas por historiadores revisionistas. Era consenso geral, entanto, que a guerra era tanto justa como necessária. As questões políticas e sociais da guerra, como o totalitarismo, o racismo e outras formas de opressão, não são ignoradas pelas narrativas ficcionais sobre os combates. As narrativas jornalísticas e os filmes de Hollywood ocupam-se mais em mostrar o combatente como representante de valores americanos.Palavras-chave: literatura norte-americana; narrativas de guerra; literatura e sociedade.Abstract: This article discusses fictional and journalistic narratives of the Second World War within the divided climate of opinion of American society, which, during the early years of the war, was split between isolationists and interventionists. The question of willing participation in the war and clear ideas as why men fought have been questioned by revisionist historians, but there was a general consensus that the war was both just and necessary. Political and social issues of the war, such as totalitarianism, racism, and other forms of oppression, are not neglected in the fictional narratives, even in the novels of combat. Journalistic narratives, like Hollywood movies, on the other hand, are more concerned with showing the fighting-man as representing perceived American values.Keywords: North-American literature; narratives of war; socio-political issues in literature.

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