The Role of Drifting Algae for Marine Biodiversity

2016 ◽  
pp. 100-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Arroyo ◽  
Erik Bonsdorff
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Drifting Algae

scholarly journals Evaluating the potential for transboundary management of marine biodiversity in the Western Indian Ocean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOam Levin
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Transboundary Conservation ◽  
External Powers ◽  
Conservation Investment ◽  
Effective Conservation ◽  
Regional Conservation

The economic and socio-political interactions between countries can have major impacts on transboundary conservation decisions and outcomes. Here, we examined for 14 Western Indian Ocean (WIO) continental and island nations the extent of their marine coral reef species, fisheries and marine protected areas (MPAs), in the context of their geopolitical and socio-economic connections. We also examined the role of external countries and organisations in collaboration within the region. We found large variation between the different countries in their protected area size, and management, which result from different interests in establishing the MPAs, ranging from fisheries management, biodiversity conservation to asserting sovereignty claims. Seventy-four per cent of the 154 MPAs in the region belong to island nations; however, the largest MPAs in the WIO were established by European powers, and include Mayotte and Glorioso Islands (France) and Chagos (UK). While the majority of MPAs are managed by individual countries, between-country collaboration within and outside the region is key if the aim is to achieve effective conservation of ecosystems and species across the island and mainland nations in the region. This may be advanced by creating transboundary MPAs and by regional conservation investment by external powers that benefit from the region’s resources.

Part V Subject Matter, Ch.31 The Protection of the Marine Environment Pollution and Fisheries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabra Adriana
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sources Of Pollution

This chapter begins by looking at the role of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) as the framework legal instrument on the oceans. Indeed, the UNCLOS is one of the most significant international law instruments of all time and is at the core of today's governance of the oceans. UNCLOS is a product of the time when it was negotiated, which brought together a desire to provide global stability to competing jurisdictional claims over the oceans and devise solutions to rapidly increasing rates of marine pollution. However, technological changes and increased or unforeseen sources of pollution and habitat destruction have exposed some of the Convention's limitations, which derive from a fragmented perspective of the marine environment, and a failure to address the interaction between different ocean uses and marine stressors and provide rules on the conservation of marine biological diversity. The chapter then evaluates global and regional treaty requirements, soft law instruments, and case law concerning the protection of the marine environment from various sources of pollution, and the conservation of marine living resources, with a focus on fisheries, and the protection of marine biodiversity.

scholarly journals The role of subnational governments in addressing ocean health and diversity in a time of global change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M Zivian
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Effect Change ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Global Mean Sea Level ◽  
Partisan Conflict ◽  
Global Mean

Threats to marine biodiversity are increasing, from overfishing to seismic activity to nutrient pollution. The ocean is warming and acidifying, dissolved oxygen is decreasing, and global mean sea level is rising as sea ice melts. Even with a new global focus on the ocean and a goal of reducing emissions faster and sooner, there will be centuries of lag time in the ocean’s response to greenhouse gases. We are already seeing the effects of individual climate stressors, including accelerated loss of sea ice, changes in ocean currents, coral bleaching, and coastal erosion. We are thus faced with dual problems of mitigating and adapting to climate change, but political action remains difficult due to ongoing uncertainty and partisan conflict. As governance issues become more complex and more difficult, local government is proving to be a place where people are actively implementing solutions, and a place where citizenscan make their voices heard and effect change. Growing examples of this in the ocean realm include subnational creation of Marine Protected Areas, local policies to reduce marine debris, and leadership in climate fora from the International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification to C40 Cities. This presentation reviews subnational engagement and suggests paths forward for improved ocean governance.

scholarly journals The evils of trawling: Threat to Marine Biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Sravya Surapaneni ◽  
Shashikala Gurpur ◽  
Sujata Arya
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Ideal

Over-exploitation of environmental resources by humans defeats the ideal of sustainability. Trawling, a method of fishing, illustrates such exploitation. Trawling accounts for 57% of marine fish production in India. As a result of lack of selectivity by the cone-shaped trawl nets used, both target and non-target species are collected without any difference. Even endangered species such as seahorses, which are protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, are not spared. The Stockholm to Rio Conferences as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 focus on sustainable use of marine resources. Trawling activities along India’s 7516 km coastline and spanning multiple coastal states defeat this goal. This paper highlights the various impacts of trawling on marine ecosystem. The authors will analyse India's position in light of various international conventions and domestic laws, the need for strengthening the laws, and the role of the Indian judiciary in protection of marine biodiversity. Further, we will highlight measures in various countries to minimise the effects of trawling and the best practices to be adopted by India. The paper will also delve into the recent controversy that has emerged between India and Sri Lanka on the above issue.

16 The United Nations: A Practitioner’s Perspective

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corell Hans
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Law

This chapter discusses the contributions of the United Nations to the development of the law of the sea during the period following the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. It covers preparing for the entry into force of the LOSC; informal consultations relating to the implementation of Part XI of the LOSC; establishing the Convention institutions after the entry into force of the LOSC; the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS); United Nations conferences on the human environment; the role of the General Assembly; the Meeting of States Parties to the LOSC; sustainable fisheries and straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; the Oceans and Coastal Areas Network (UN-Oceans); the United Nations open-ended informal consultative process on oceans and the law of the sea; the so-called Regular Process; the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction; and piracy on the agenda of the Security Council.

Part I Assessing the UN Institutional Structure for Global Ocean Governance: The UN’s Role in Global Ocean Governance, 1 The Role of the United Nations, including its Secretariat in Global Ocean Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goettsche-Wanli Gabriele
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations

This chapter examines the role of the United Nations and its related institutions for global ocean governance, including those established by the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It first considers the main issues that these institutions have addressed, ranging from sustainable fisheries, via ecosystem protection, to marine biodiversity conservation; and more recently, maritime security. It then argues that the impacts of climate change have arguably not been directly addressed by either the global ocean governance regime, as it is currently constituted, nor by the climate change regime, at least until recent developments through the 2015 Paris Agreement relating to adaptation and mitigation measures in direct response to sea-level rise and the effects of ocean acidification. The chapter proceeds by discussing UNCLOS and its related legal instruments, UN Conferences and Summit on sustainable development, and the role played by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in global ocean governance.

scholarly journals The Central Role of Systematics in Marine Biodiversity Problems

Oceanography ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Vecchione ◽  
Bruce Collette
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biodiversity

scholarly journals The evils of trawling: Threat to Marine Biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Sravya Surapaneni ◽  
Shashikala Gurpur ◽  
Sujata Arya
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Ideal

Over-exploitation of environmental resources by humans defeats the ideal of sustainability. Trawling, a method of fishing, illustrates such exploitation. Trawling accounts for 57% of marine fish production in India. As a result of lack of selectivity by the cone-shaped trawl nets used, both target and non-target species are collected without any difference. Even endangered species such as seahorses, which are protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, are not spared. The Stockholm to Rio Conferences as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 focus on sustainable use of marine resources. Trawling activities along India’s 7516 km coastline and spanning multiple coastal states defeat this goal. This paper highlights the various impacts of trawling on marine ecosystem. The authors will analyse India's position in light of various international conventions and domestic laws, the need for strengthening the laws, and the role of the Indian judiciary in protection of marine biodiversity. Further, we will highlight measures in various countries to minimise the effects of trawling and the best practices to be adopted by India. The paper will also delve into the recent controversy that has emerged between India and Sri Lanka on the above issue.

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