scholarly journals The evils of trawling: Threat to Marine Biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Sravya Surapaneni ◽  
Shashikala Gurpur ◽  
Sujata Arya
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Ideal

Over-exploitation of environmental resources by humans defeats the ideal of sustainability. Trawling, a method of fishing, illustrates such exploitation. Trawling accounts for 57% of marine fish production in India. As a result of lack of selectivity by the cone-shaped trawl nets used, both target and non-target species are collected without any difference. Even endangered species such as seahorses, which are protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, are not spared. The Stockholm to Rio Conferences as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 focus on sustainable use of marine resources. Trawling activities along India’s 7516 km coastline and spanning multiple coastal states defeat this goal. This paper highlights the various impacts of trawling on marine ecosystem. The authors will analyse India's position in light of various international conventions and domestic laws, the need for strengthening the laws, and the role of the Indian judiciary in protection of marine biodiversity. Further, we will highlight measures in various countries to minimise the effects of trawling and the best practices to be adopted by India. The paper will also delve into the recent controversy that has emerged between India and Sri Lanka on the above issue.

scholarly journals The evils of trawling: Threat to Marine Biodiversity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Sravya Surapaneni ◽  
Shashikala Gurpur ◽  
Sujata Arya
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
The Ideal

Over-exploitation of environmental resources by humans defeats the ideal of sustainability. Trawling, a method of fishing, illustrates such exploitation. Trawling accounts for 57% of marine fish production in India. As a result of lack of selectivity by the cone-shaped trawl nets used, both target and non-target species are collected without any difference. Even endangered species such as seahorses, which are protected under Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, are not spared. The Stockholm to Rio Conferences as well as Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 focus on sustainable use of marine resources. Trawling activities along India’s 7516 km coastline and spanning multiple coastal states defeat this goal. This paper highlights the various impacts of trawling on marine ecosystem. The authors will analyse India's position in light of various international conventions and domestic laws, the need for strengthening the laws, and the role of the Indian judiciary in protection of marine biodiversity. Further, we will highlight measures in various countries to minimise the effects of trawling and the best practices to be adopted by India. The paper will also delve into the recent controversy that has emerged between India and Sri Lanka on the above issue.

16 The United Nations: A Practitioner’s Perspective

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corell Hans
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Law

This chapter discusses the contributions of the United Nations to the development of the law of the sea during the period following the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) in 1982. It covers preparing for the entry into force of the LOSC; informal consultations relating to the implementation of Part XI of the LOSC; establishing the Convention institutions after the entry into force of the LOSC; the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS); United Nations conferences on the human environment; the role of the General Assembly; the Meeting of States Parties to the LOSC; sustainable fisheries and straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; the Oceans and Coastal Areas Network (UN-Oceans); the United Nations open-ended informal consultative process on oceans and the law of the sea; the so-called Regular Process; the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction; and piracy on the agenda of the Security Council.

Part I Marine Living Resources and Marine Biodiversity, 1 The FAO and Ocean Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriksen Tore
Keyword(s):  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
International Instruments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conservation And Management

This chapter examines the role of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in ocean governance, not only in the conservation and management of living marine resources but also in other activities impacting fisheries management, such as regulating subsidies, the relationship with trade-related measures and ensuring compliance with fisheries legislation. After providing a background on FAO, including its membership and structure, the chapter discusses two of the organisation’s main functions: as a forum for developing international instruments, norm and standards; and collecting, analysing and disseminating information and statistics to its members. It then considers three concepts or principles either introduced by or detailed through the work of FAO before concluding with an overview of FAO legal and policy instruments.

scholarly journals Area-based Management ToolsDeveloping Regulatory Frameworks for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Robin Warner
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Sargasso Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Marine Areas

The increasing intensity and impacts of human activities in the global oceans pose significant threats to the extensive repository of marine species, habitats and ecosystems in the vast marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (abnj). This article examines the scope of these threats and the role of area-based management mechanisms such as marine protected areas (mpas) in addressing those threats. It discusses the law and policy rationale for establishing mpas in abnj and some regional examples of mpa designation in the North East Atlantic, the Mediterranean, Antarctica and the Sargasso Sea. Finally, it reviews global initiatives in the United Nations to develop a more integrated and cross-sectoral framework for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in abnj including the designation of a representative network of mpas in these largely neglected areas of the ocean.

scholarly journals Managing the Balance of Consumption and Reproduction of Marine Resources in the “Coast – Sea” Ecological-Economic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Timchenko ◽  
E. M. Igumnova ◽  
S. V. Svishchev ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Pollution Concentration ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Biodiversity Index

Purpose. The work is aimed at constructing an adaptive model of the ecological-economic system of the sea coastal zone intended to control the volume of consumption of marine assimilation and biological resources by the coastal socio-economic system. Methods and Results. The model based on tracking the integral balance of the rates of marine environment pollution and its purification due to the natural physical and biogeochemical processes and to the environmental actions is proposed. The average multi-year values of the ecosystem variables are used in the applied concept of stationary state of the marine ecosystem. To describe the conditions forming the polluted area in the coastal marine environment, proposed is the algorithm taking into account the ratio between the rate of growth of concentration of the pollutants inflowing from the coastal sources and the rate of their destruction resulting from natural purification of marine environment. Coastal pollution runoff was managed by the penalties imposed on the economic system, which was forced to reduce the generalized product output simultaneously increasing its prime cost. In the marine ecosystem model, the main lower links of the food chain were used: concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterioplankton. Their weighted sum constituted the marine biodiversity index, which was taken as a concentration of bio-resource consumed by the coastal economic system. It was believed that there was an inverse relationship between the biodiversity index and the pollution concentration. Therefore, the maximum permissible pollution concentration was assessed based on the permissible values of the biodiversity index. Along with control of the economic efficiency of marine resource consumption, the model provided for the biodiversity index monitoring so that it did not fall below its permissible vales. In this case, the management agent included in the model, limited production. The model equations are constructed by the method of adaptive balance of causes, which preserved the material balances resulting from the interaction between the environmental and economic processes. The modular equations of the method permitted to use the known stationary state of the ecosystem to obtain the estimates of the influence coefficients. It is shown that the forecasted scenarios provide the compromises between the efficiency of the coastal economic system and the ability of marine ecosystem to restore the consumed assimilation and biological resources. Conclusions. The proposed model makes it possible to forecast the scenarios of the ecological and economic processes that provide a balance of consumption and reproduction of marine resources

scholarly journals Strengthening the Legal and Institutional Frame-work of the Southeast Pacific: Focus on the bbnj Package Elements

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Durussel ◽  
Eulogio Soto Oyarzún ◽  
Osvaldo Urrutia S.
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Southeast Pacific ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Frame Work

Abstract The role of the regional level in addressing and strengthening the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj) should not be undermined. As a complementary approach to the ongoing negotiations for an implementing agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of bbnj under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, it can provide useful lessons learnt and best practices that can inform the global negotiation process. Focusing on the highly productive Southeast Pacific region, this article highlights the institutional and legal challenges faced by this region in the adoption and implementation of the four bbnj elements and provides options on how to strengthen the legal and institutional framework of the Southeast Pacific to better address the conservation and sustainable use of bbnj.

scholarly journals Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area (Mpa) Bali - Indonesia: Why Need to be Protected?

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Ruchimat ◽  
Riyanto Basuki ◽  
Marthen Welly
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Marine Tourism

ABSTRACT Nusa Penida comprises a group of islands in the south-east of Bali. This archipelago contains a high level of marine biodiversity and has significant tourism potential. In addition, Nusa Penida has aquaculture and fishing areas, which continue to be developed. Efforts towards conservation and sustainable use by means of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) provide an important solution to counteract increasing pressure on natural resources due to economic activities. Zoning system arrangements to protect marine biodiversity, as well as sustainable economic activities, form the highest priority in the management of the Nusa Penida MPA. The paper provides an overview of the coastal ecosystem of Nusa Penida and the potential for sustainable utilization of natural resources, as well as demonstrates the socioeconomic condition of the Nusa Penida community. Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) in 2009 for the marine ecosystems in the waters of Nusa Penida serves as baseline data to provide inputs for defining the MPA, including a zoning system and a management plan. The ecological survey revealed 1,419 ha of coral reef with 296 species, 230 ha of mangrove with 13 species, and 108 ha of seagrass beds with 8 species. The assessment of fish biodiversity revealed 296 species of fish, including five that are new to science. Nusa Penida’s waters are home to marine megafauna such as sea turtles, sharks and cetaceans, also unique and charismatic fish such as ocean sunfish (Mola mola) and manta rays (Manta birostris), that occur predictably annually. Marine tourism, seaweed farming and capture fisheries are the main economic activities for the income of the coastal community. Nusa Penida is visited by more than 200,000 tourists each year. The tourists dive in 20 dive-spots arround the waters. There are 308 ha of seaweed farming that produce more than 50 tons per month. About 850 local fishermen depend for their livelihood on the fishing grounds around the waters of Nusa Penida for their livelihood. In total, some 46,000 residents depend on the marine biodiversity of the archipelago for their livelihood. Destructive fishing and over-fishing are serious threats to the reef ecosystem within the Nusa Penida MPA, as well as to the sustainable fisheries. The lack of a clear zoning system and its attendant regulation of uses for Nusa Penida’s coastal area and marine resources mean potential conflicts between marine tourism, seaweed farming and the fisheries. The establishment of the MPA with a management plan is imperative to regulate the sustainable use of marine resources.

scholarly journals Managing the Balance of Consumption and Reproduction of Marine Resources in the “Coast – Sea” Ecological-Economic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. Timchenko ◽  
E. M. Igumnova ◽  
S. V. Svishchev ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Pollution Concentration ◽  
Biological Resources ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Biodiversity Index

Purpose. The work is aimed at constructing an adaptive model of the ecological-economic system of the sea coastal zone intended to control the volume of consumption of marine assimilation and biological resources by the coastal socio-economic system. Methods and Results. The model based on tracking the integral balance of the rates of marine environment pollution and its purification due to the natural physical and biogeochemical processes and to the environmental actions is proposed. The average multi-year values of the ecosystem variables are used in the applied concept of stationary state of the marine ecosystem. To describe the conditions forming the polluted area in the coastal marine environment, proposed is the algorithm taking into account the ratio between the rate of growth of concentration of the pollutants inflowing from the coastal sources and the rate of their destruction resulting from natural purification of marine environment. Coastal pollution runoff was managed by the penalties imposed on the economic system, which was forced to reduce the generalized product output simultaneously increasing its prime cost. In the marine ecosystem model, the main lower links of the food chain were used: concentrations of phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterioplankton. Their weighted sum constituted the marine biodiversity index, which was taken as a concentration of bio-resource consumed by the coastal economic system. It was believed that there was an inverse relationship between the biodiversity index and the pollution concentration. Therefore, the maximum permissible pollution concentration was assessed based on the permissible values of the biodiversity index. Along with control of the economic efficiency of marine resource consumption, the model provided for the biodiversity index monitoring so that it did not fall below its permissible vales. In this case, the management agent included in the model, limited production. The model equations are constructed by the method of adaptive balance of causes, which preserved the material balances resulting from the interaction between the environmental and economic processes. The modular equations of the method permitted to use the known stationary state of the ecosystem to obtain the estimates of the influence coefficients. It is shown that the forecasted scenarios provide the compromises between the efficiency of the coastal economic system and the ability of marine ecosystem to restore the consumed assimilation and biological resources. Conclusions. The proposed model makes it possible to forecast the scenarios of the ecological and economic processes that provide a balance of consumption and reproduction of marine resources.

International high seas biodiversity concerns to rise

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
High Seas

Subject High seas biodiversity. Significance The third session of the Intergovernmental Conference on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction took place in New York last month, making notable progress on the structure of a new international treaty on governance of the high seas. Divergences nevertheless remain on several long-debated core issues, such as the complexity of regulations required to designate new marine protected areas (MPAs), and the depth of obligations, including by the private sector, to share benefits from extracting living marine resources. Impacts Common standards will be developed for collecting and sharing data on high seas fishing and other activities. High seas scientific research will face a new regulatory environment after the treaty enters into force. Flag states will face scrutiny over flags of convenience, hindering firms’ moves to shift ship registrations to less strict jurisdictions.

scholarly journals BEST PRACTICES AMONGST TOUR OPERATORS ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN PULAU PAYAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Fairus Saad ◽  
Suraiyati Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Environmental Management Practices

A beautiful island, pristine natural environment and abundant marine biodiversity essentially attract segmented tourists to visit marine parks in Malaysia. The marine protected areas (MPAs) in Malaysia are bound to comply with the regulations and guidelines in ensuring the sustainability of the marine ecosystem. However, studies focusing on environmental best practices amongst tour operators in MPAs are limited. Hence, this study attempts to examine environmental management practices amongst the tour operators in Pulau Payar. A qualitative method was adopted using observation and a semi-structured interview with registered tour operators in the designated area. Fifteen respondents participated in the interview. Based on thematic analysis, this study revealed that the tour operators’ operating services in Pulau Payar had implemented best practices on environmental approaches using the following: Educate Visitors on Environmental Awareness (1), Using Environmentally Friendly Equipment (2) Conservation Efforts (3) and Waste Management and Amenities (4). In addition, the findings showed that the tour operators play an essential role in educating the tourists and role models to protect the environment.

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