Towards an integrated and participatory governance of the Arctic marine areas

2017 ◽  
pp. 280-292
Author(s):  
Cécile Pelaudeix
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Participatory Governance ◽  
Marine Areas

The EU Influence on Norwegian Domestic Legislation for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Johansen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the last several decades, the European Union (EU) has demonstrated its intention to play an important role in supporting Arctic cooperation and helping to meet the challenges now facing the region. Norway, one of the five Arctic coastal states, and the EU have cooperated closely in this regard, particularly through the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). This article examines how Norway’s domestic legislation applicable to its Arctic marine areas has been influenced by the development of EU environmental legislation. Specifically, this paper provides a discussion and analysis of the relevant Norwegian laws and mechanisms used to regulate how EU environmental legislation has been incorporated into Norway’s domestic legislation through the EEA Agreement.

scholarly journals Bacteria Associated with Marine Benthic Invertebrates from Polar Environments: Unexplored Frontiers for Biodiscovery?

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelina Lo Giudice ◽  
Carmen Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Symbiotic Community

The ecological function of bacteria-invertebrate interactions in Polar areas remains poorly understood, despite increasing evidence that microbial metabolites may play pivotal roles in host-associated chemical defense and in shaping the symbiotic community structure. The metabolic and physiological changes that these organisms undergo in response to adapting to extreme conditions result in the production of structurally and functionally novel biologically active molecules. Deepening our knowledge on the interactions between bacteria and their invertebrate host would be highly helpful in providing the rationale for why (e.g., competition or cooperative purpose) and which (whether secondary metabolites, enzymes, or proteins) bioactive compounds are produced. To date, cold-adapted bacteria associated with marine invertebrates from the Arctic and Antarctica have not been given the attention they deserve and the versatility of their natural products remains virtually unexplored, even if they could represent a new attractive frontier in the search for novel natural compounds. This review is aimed at showcasing the diversity of cold-adapted bacteria associated with benthic invertebrates from Polar marine areas, highlighting the yet unexplored treasure they represent for biodiscovery.

Arctic Ocean Management and Indigenous Peoples: Recent Legal Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-120
Author(s):  
Nigel Bankes
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Ocean Management ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Maritime Search And Rescue

This article examines recent legal developments in the management of human activities in Arctic marine areas and considers the extent to which these developments acknowledge or recognize the rights, roles and interests of Arctic Indigenous peoples. These developments include the negotiation of three treaties under the auspices of the Arctic Council: the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, (Arctic SAR Agreement), the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Spill Preparedness and Response in the Arctic (Arctic MOSPA), and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (Arctic Science Agreement), the adoption of the Polar Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and, most recently, the signature of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (the CAOF Agreement). It also examines more recent practice under the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (ACPB).

Soviet fishery jurisdiction in the Arctic

Polar Record ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (117) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Butler
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Marine Areas

The creation of a 200-nautical mile [370-km] fishing zone in December 1976 for certain marine areas off the coast of the USSR, including Arctic waters, is a significant development for a subject which has given rise in the past to diplomatic exchanges and confrontations with foreign powers.

scholarly journals Sea ice biota: Excerpts from the State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report by the Sea Ice Biota Expert Network/CBMP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haakon Hop ◽  
Bodil A. Bluhm ◽  
Igor A. Melnikov ◽  
Michel Poulin ◽  
Mikko Vihtakari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Algal Community ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Monitoring Protocols ◽  
Expert Network

Sea ice is an important Arctic habitat that supports a high diversity of species—with over 1276 protist taxa alone. Multi-year sea ice is being replaced by first-year ice and open water, which will cause shifts in ice algal communities with cascading effects on the ice-associated ecosystem. Documentation of ice biota composition, abundance and natural variability is critical for evaluating responses to the decline in Arctic sea ice. The Sea-ice Biota Expert Network, therefore, aggregated and reviewed data on status and trends of ice-associated Bacteria, Archaea, microalgae, meiofauna, and under-ice macrofauna Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs) across eight Arctic Marine Areas as well as current monitoring. Sea ice biota monitoring has occurred most frequently in the central Arctic, Svalbard area, Barrow (Alaska) and the Canadian Arctic, with recent sites in northern Greenland. Sea ice algal community structure has possibly changed in the central Arctic between the 1980s and 2010s, and ice-amphipod abundance and biomass have declined in the Svalbard area since the 1980s. Consistent monitoring protocols, equipment and methodology should be implemented. The presentation also evaluates dominant drivers of observed trends, and knowledge and monitoring gaps.

scholarly journals Arctic Environment Protection Issues in Carrying out of Activities in Near-Shore Areas and on the Continental Shelf

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Anna K. Doronina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Arctic Environment ◽  
Accumulated Damage ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Marine Areas

Purpose. This article attempts to analyze the environmental acts of the Arctic coastal states in the field of protection of the Arctic marine environment, analyzes the legal mechanisms applied in various coastal Arctic states for the possibility of implementation some of them in the Russian legal system. Methods: dialectics, analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, analogy, formallegal method, comparative legal method. Results. To ensure the protection of the environment of the Russian Arctic, to prevent environmental damade to its fragile ecosystems and to compensate for the accumulated damage, attention should be paid to the experience of other Arctic states and international organizations in relation to this issue. Firstly, to the compensation funds; secondly, on the issues of transboundary pollution; thirdly, to prevention of unauthorized navigation in the Arctic waters; fourthly, on the possibility of creating panarctic protected marine areas. Scientific and practical significance. The conducted research develops and clarifies the theoretical provisions that exist in the science of environmental law concerning the legal mechanisms for the protection of the Arctic environment. The findings of this study will allow the legislative bodies to pay attention to other legal mechanisms for environmental protection, which can serve as a basis for improving Russian legislation.

PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE ARCTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-189
Author(s):  
Claudia Cinelli
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
International Law ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Marine Areas

Unique geographical and physical specificities characterize the Arctic as an extreme and fragile marine environment. Arctic specificities differ from those of any other environment in relation to which most general principles of international law have developed. International law is usually related to the regulation of the physical environment including the distinct issues of soil, water and the atmosphere rather than a combination of these components, as is the case in the ice-covered marine areas such as those composing most of the Arctic Ocean. From both historical and contemporary perspectives, the ‘Arctic question’ has typically been: does the presence of ice change the legal status of the Arctic Ocean? The answer is decidedly no. The so-called Arctic exception, relating to Article 234 UNCLOS, is clearly the exception that proves the rule. This study focuses on how both the sovereignty-based approach and the general interest approach each address the dynamic evolution of Arctic marine environmental challenges in line with UNCLOS, the “Constitution for the Oceans”. This, however, does not preclude the special conditions of the Arctic environment being factored in when Arctic and non-Arctic entities seek feasible ad hoc solutions for cooperation on common interests and concerns.

scholarly journals Sea ice biota: Excerpts from the State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report by the Sea Ice Biota Expert Network/CBMP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haakon Hop ◽  
Bodil A. Bluhm ◽  
Igor A. Melnikov ◽  
Michel Poulin ◽  
Mikko Vihtakari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Algal Community ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Monitoring Protocols ◽  
Expert Network

Sea ice is an important Arctic habitat that supports a high diversity of species—with over 1276 protist taxa alone. Multi-year sea ice is being replaced by first-year ice and open water, which will cause shifts in ice algal communities with cascading effects on the ice-associated ecosystem. Documentation of ice biota composition, abundance and natural variability is critical for evaluating responses to the decline in Arctic sea ice. The Sea-ice Biota Expert Network, therefore, aggregated and reviewed data on status and trends of ice-associated Bacteria, Archaea, microalgae, meiofauna, and under-ice macrofauna Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs) across eight Arctic Marine Areas as well as current monitoring. Sea ice biota monitoring has occurred most frequently in the central Arctic, Svalbard area, Barrow (Alaska) and the Canadian Arctic, with recent sites in northern Greenland. Sea ice algal community structure has possibly changed in the central Arctic between the 1980s and 2010s, and ice-amphipod abundance and biomass have declined in the Svalbard area since the 1980s. Consistent monitoring protocols, equipment and methodology should be implemented. The presentation also evaluates dominant drivers of observed trends, and knowledge and monitoring gaps.

scholarly journals Preparing for the unprecedented — Towards quantitative oil risk assessment in the Arctic marine areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Nevalainen ◽  
Inari Helle ◽  
Jarno Vanhatalo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Areas
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