scholarly journals Bacteria Associated with Marine Benthic Invertebrates from Polar Environments: Unexplored Frontiers for Biodiscovery?

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelina Lo Giudice ◽  
Carmen Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Symbiotic Community

The ecological function of bacteria-invertebrate interactions in Polar areas remains poorly understood, despite increasing evidence that microbial metabolites may play pivotal roles in host-associated chemical defense and in shaping the symbiotic community structure. The metabolic and physiological changes that these organisms undergo in response to adapting to extreme conditions result in the production of structurally and functionally novel biologically active molecules. Deepening our knowledge on the interactions between bacteria and their invertebrate host would be highly helpful in providing the rationale for why (e.g., competition or cooperative purpose) and which (whether secondary metabolites, enzymes, or proteins) bioactive compounds are produced. To date, cold-adapted bacteria associated with marine invertebrates from the Arctic and Antarctica have not been given the attention they deserve and the versatility of their natural products remains virtually unexplored, even if they could represent a new attractive frontier in the search for novel natural compounds. This review is aimed at showcasing the diversity of cold-adapted bacteria associated with benthic invertebrates from Polar marine areas, highlighting the yet unexplored treasure they represent for biodiscovery.

In situ microplastics ingestion by Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Hurley ◽  
Jorg Hardege ◽  
Katharina C. Wollenberg Valero ◽  
Simon Morley
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Antarctic Marine ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Polymer Type

<p>Microplastics have been recognised as persistent marine contaminants and mounting evidence supports their designation as anthropogenic stressors to marine organisms. Despite the remoteness of Antarctica, microplastics contamination has been reported in every marine environment investigated in this area to date. Due to ocean currents and frontal systems, microplastics may become entrapped within polar regions and increase bioavailibilty to inhabiting fauna. Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates represent a research priority due to their sensitivity to change as well as contribution to ecological functioning and food webs. The current study investigated microplastics ingestion by the epifaunal, carnivorous polychaete <em>Barrukia cristata</em> and the infaunal, filter-feeding bivalve, <em>Laternula elliptica</em>. Animals were collected by SCUBA adjacent to Rothera research station, Adelaide Island. After digestion in 10 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) followed by filtration, microplastics ingested by individual animals were separated. Microplastics were then counted and characterised by shape, colour, size and polymer type by Micro-Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the most abundant polymer type, followed by polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). Congruent to earlier reports, fibres were found to be the most abundant source of microplastics contamination. However, it must be highlighted that fragments were also recovered from the animals analysed. Results determined the current level of microplastics ingestion by two benthic marine invertebrates of different feeding strategies in coastal environments of the Antarctic Peninsula. These findings indicated the bioavailability of microplastics and highlighted the potential of trophic transfer throughout the Antarctic marine food web.</p>

Energy Values of Marine Benthic Invertebrates from the Western English Channel

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Dauvin ◽  
Michelle Joncourt
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Temperate Water ◽  
Macrobenthic Communities ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

Energy values of many cold-water marine invertebrates are available (see Wacasey & Atkinson, 1987 and Brey et al, 1988), but energy values of temperate-water marine invertebrates have not been systematically investigated. In an attempt to determine the energy content of the macrobenthic communities from the bay of Morlaix (western English Channel), the caloric values in a large number of species living in these communities has been measured. This paper is presented as a contribution to the knowledge of the energy content of macrobenthic invertebrates from a temperate sea.

The EU Influence on Norwegian Domestic Legislation for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Johansen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the last several decades, the European Union (EU) has demonstrated its intention to play an important role in supporting Arctic cooperation and helping to meet the challenges now facing the region. Norway, one of the five Arctic coastal states, and the EU have cooperated closely in this regard, particularly through the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). This article examines how Norway’s domestic legislation applicable to its Arctic marine areas has been influenced by the development of EU environmental legislation. Specifically, this paper provides a discussion and analysis of the relevant Norwegian laws and mechanisms used to regulate how EU environmental legislation has been incorporated into Norway’s domestic legislation through the EEA Agreement.

Dispersal of marine benthic invertebrates through ice rafting

Ecology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin B. A. Macfarlane ◽  
David Drolet ◽  
Myriam A. Barbeau ◽  
Diana J. Hamilton ◽  
Jeff Ollerhead
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Ice Rafting ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

The Distribution of Hyas Araneus (L.) and Hyas Coarctatus Leach (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in the North Sea and the Svalbard Region

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Benthic Invertebrates ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Hyas Araneus ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Marine Benthic Invertebrates

The distribution patterns of many marine benthic invertebrates are not well known, and when records exist they are usually in the form of presence and absence data with little or no information on the relative density of populations from area to area.

scholarly journals Summertime observations of elevated levels of ultrafine particles in the high Arctic marine boundary layer

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 5515-5535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Burkart ◽  
Megan D. Willis ◽  
Heiko Bozem ◽  
Jennie L. Thomas ◽  
Kathy Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Depositional Processes

Abstract. Motivated by increasing levels of open ocean in the Arctic summer and the lack of prior altitude-resolved studies, extensive aerosol measurements were made during 11 flights of the NETCARE July 2014 airborne campaign from Resolute Bay, Nunavut. Flights included vertical profiles (60 to 3000 m above ground level) over open ocean, fast ice, and boundary layer clouds and fogs. A general conclusion, from observations of particle numbers between 5 and 20 nm in diameter (N5 − 20), is that ultrafine particle formation occurs readily in the Canadian high Arctic marine boundary layer, especially just above ocean and clouds, reaching values of a few thousand particles cm−3. By contrast, ultrafine particle concentrations are much lower in the free troposphere. Elevated levels of larger particles (for example, from 20 to 40 nm in size, N20 − 40) are sometimes associated with high N5 − 20, especially over low clouds, suggestive of aerosol growth. The number densities of particles greater than 40 nm in diameter (N >  40) are relatively depleted at the lowest altitudes, indicative of depositional processes that will lower the condensation sink and promote new particle formation. The number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN; measured at 0.6 % supersaturation) are positively correlated with the numbers of small particles (down to roughly 30 nm), indicating that some fraction of these newly formed particles are capable of being involved in cloud activation. Given that the summertime marine Arctic is a biologically active region, it is important to better establish the links between emissions from the ocean and the formation and growth of ultrafine particles within this rapidly changing environment.

Phylogeny of the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha : Cyclorhagida : Echinoderidae) – a cosmopolitan species group trapped in the intertidal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Vorting Randsø ◽  
Hiroshi Yamasaki ◽  
Sarah Jane Bownes ◽  
Maria Herranz ◽  
Maikon Di Domenico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Species Group ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Present Species ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Intertidal Habitats ◽  
Group Species

Kinorhyncha is a phylum of microscopic, benthic marine invertebrates found throughout the world, from the Arctic to Antarctica and from the intertidal zone to the deep sea. Within the most species-rich genus, Echinoderes, we find a putatively monophyletic species group, the so-called Echinoderes coulli-group. The remarkable morphological similarities of the E. coulli-group species and the fact that the group has a global distribution even though most of the species are restricted to intertidal habitats, has led to the hypothesis that dispersal and speciation within the group has been driven by the process of continental drift. However, this has never been confirmed empirically. With morphology and two molecular loci, COI and 18S, we calculated phylogenetic trees by analysing datasets separately and in combination using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference. Using different models of evolution in combination with different statistical approaches, we show that two major clade divergences were consistent with historic drifting of continents, suggesting that vicariance has played an important role for the speciation within the E. coulli-group. Furthermore, we found that reconstructions of past tectonic drifting since the Devonian (416–359 million years ago) were able to explain present species distributions, and suggest that the group originated in a supposedly vast shallow marine environment in north-eastern Gondwana by the mid-late Silurian, 426–416 million years ago.

Arctic Ocean Management and Indigenous Peoples: Recent Legal Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-120
Author(s):  
Nigel Bankes
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Central Arctic Ocean ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Ocean Management ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
Maritime Search And Rescue

This article examines recent legal developments in the management of human activities in Arctic marine areas and considers the extent to which these developments acknowledge or recognize the rights, roles and interests of Arctic Indigenous peoples. These developments include the negotiation of three treaties under the auspices of the Arctic Council: the Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, (Arctic SAR Agreement), the Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Spill Preparedness and Response in the Arctic (Arctic MOSPA), and the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation (Arctic Science Agreement), the adoption of the Polar Code by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and, most recently, the signature of the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean (the CAOF Agreement). It also examines more recent practice under the Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears (ACPB).

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