The EU Influence on Norwegian Domestic Legislation for the Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Johansen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the last several decades, the European Union (EU) has demonstrated its intention to play an important role in supporting Arctic cooperation and helping to meet the challenges now facing the region. Norway, one of the five Arctic coastal states, and the EU have cooperated closely in this regard, particularly through the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement). This article examines how Norway’s domestic legislation applicable to its Arctic marine areas has been influenced by the development of EU environmental legislation. Specifically, this paper provides a discussion and analysis of the relevant Norwegian laws and mechanisms used to regulate how EU environmental legislation has been incorporated into Norway’s domestic legislation through the EEA Agreement.

scholarly journals Die EU und ihre Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen: etablierte Assoziierungsmodelle und neue Grundformen

IG ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lippert
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Eu

In this article, the author presents established models of association of the European Union (EU) with European third countries. She shows their different strategic perspectives, outlines benefits and problems, and examines the potential for developing these relations. Basically, these can go in the direction of expanding or dismantling partial sectoral integration. In addition, new basic forms of EU neighbourhood relations are discussed: the introduction of a new status of partial membership in the EU and - inspired by the European Economic Area - the creation of a European political and economic area.

scholarly journals Surveillance perspective on Lyme borreliosis across the European Union and European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cees C van den Wijngaard ◽  
Agnetha Hofhuis ◽  
Mariana Simões ◽  
Ente Rood ◽  
Wilfrid van Pelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Erythema Migrans ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Eu

Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in Europe. Erythema migrans (EM), an early, localised skin rash, is its most common presentation. Dissemination of the bacteria can lead to more severe manifestations including skin, neurological, cardiac, musculoskeletal and ocular manifestations. Comparison of LB incidence rates in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) and Balkan countries are difficult in the absence of standardised surveillance and reporting procedures. We explored six surveillance scenarios for LB surveillance in the EU/EEA, based on the following key indicators: (i) erythema migrans, (ii) neuroborreliosis, (iii) all human LB manifestations, (iv) seroprevalence, (v) tick bites, and (vi) infected ticks and reservoir hosts. In our opinion, neuroborreliosis seems most feasible and useful as the standard key indicator, being one of the most frequent severe LB manifestations, with the possibility of a specific case definition. Additional surveillance with erythema migrans as key indicator would add value to the surveillance of neuroborreliosis and lead to a more complete picture of LB epidemiology in the EU/EEA. The other scenarios have less value as a basis for EU-level surveillance, but can be considered periodically and locally, as they could supply complementary insights.

scholarly journals ‘Did I pass the licensing exam?’ aspects influencing migrant physicians’ results: a mixed methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e038670
Author(s):  
Linda Sturesson ◽  
Andreas Heiding ◽  
Daniel Olsson ◽  
Terese Stenfors
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Pass Rate ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Eu

ObjectivesMigrant physicians (MPs) who wish to practise their profession in a new country often must undergo a recertification process, including a licensing exam. In many cases, this is the same licensing exam used for peers educated within the country; however, the pass rate of MPs is usually lower. This study aimed to explore MPs exam results, focusing on MPs that had participated in a complementary programme (CPP) for physicians with a medical degree from outside the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA), and aspects that may influence these.MethodsMixed methods were applied. The data consisted of 2013 to 2019 licensing exam results of 564 physicians in Sweden that were educated outside of the EU. The data was analysed using linear and logistic regression analysis. Further, 14 interviews with MPs were conducted and thematically analysed.ResultsAn interaction between age and CPP participation was found for both the total score in per cent (p=0.01) and for the proportion failing their first attempt (p=0.04). Age was found to be a very strong predictor for failing on the first attempt, with those 45 and older failing on the first attempt in 72 and 82 per cent for CPP and non-CPP participants, respectively. Interview data was categorised into two themes: preparations and biographical aspects, and the exam and exam situation.ConclusionsAge seems to be an important predictor for failing the first attempt. MPs have had less time to familiarise themselves with the exam type and the language used on the exam. To improve exam results, MPs used different strategies and tools, that is, studying with nationally trained physicians, and using old exams and a web-based study tool consisting of common exam subjects. At the same time, these strategies and tools have also become mediators in the socialisation of MPs into the exam context.

scholarly journals Potential scenarios for the progression of a COVID-19 epidemic in the European Union and the European Economic Area, March 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C Johnson ◽  
Céline M Gossner ◽  
Edoardo Colzani ◽  
John Kinsman ◽  
Leonidas Alexakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Transmission Phase ◽  
The Eu

Two months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the possibility of established and widespread community transmission in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) is becoming more likely. We provide scenarios for use in preparedness for a possible widespread epidemic. The EU/EEA is moving towards the ‘limited sustained transmission’ phase. We propose actions to prepare for potential mitigation phases and coordinate efforts to protect the health of citizens.

scholarly journals The (Uncertain) Impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's Membership in the European Economic Area

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich G. Schroeter ◽  
Heinrich Nemeczek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Business Law ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Until recently, the on-going legal discussions about ‘Brexit’, the United Kingdom’s upcoming withdrawal from the European Union (EU), have predominantly focused on the requirements and consequences of the withdrawal procedure set out in Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). A hitherto neglected, though arguably no less important question concerns the effect, if any, that a withdrawal from the EU will have on the UK’s membership in the European Economic Area (EEA): Given that the EEA extends many aspects of EU membership beyond the EU’s borders, resulting in a Common Market ‘light’, a future UK membership in the EEA could – at least from a European business law point of view – effectively result in ‘business as usual’, as a significant share of EU law would continue to apply to UK companies, albeit in form of EEA law.Against this background, it is interesting to note that legal analyses of Brexit generally assume that the UK’s EEA membership will be terminated ipso iure, should the UK decide to withdraw from the EU. According to this view, the UK subsequently could (re-)apply for EEA membership should its government so choose, with such an application having to be accepted by all remaining EEA Contracting Parties – an option commonly referred to as the ‘Norway option’ in reference to Norway’s status within the EEA. The present article challenges the underlying (and often merely implicit) assumption that the UK’s withdrawal from the EU will automatically result in its withdrawal from the EEA, given that the EEA Agreement is a separate international treaty subject to separate legal rules governing withdrawals and effects of possible changes in EU membership. It argues that a withdrawal from the EU will in fact not affect the UK’s continuing EEA membership, as long as the UK does not voluntarily choose to also withdraw from the EEA. It then analyses the post-Brexit situation under the EEA Agreement by addressing its practical application to a number of different areas, as inter alia the free movement of UK companies within the EEA, the future of the ‘European passport’ for UK credit institutions and investment firms, as well as the free (but possibly restrictable) movement of workers in the EEA.

scholarly journals Application of a new methodology and R package reveals a high burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in Germany compared to the average in the European Union/European Economic Area, 2011 to 2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedikt Zacher ◽  
Sebastian Haller ◽  
Niklas Willrich ◽  
Jan Walter ◽  
Muna Abu Sin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
R Package ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Burden ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
The Eu

Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a major challenge to health systems. Burden of disease estimations in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are useful for comparing and ranking HAIs. Aim To estimate the number of five common HAIs, their attributable number of deaths and burden for Germany. Methods We developed a new method and R package that builds on the approach used by the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE) project to estimate the burden of HAIs for individual countries. We used data on healthcare-associated Clostridioides difficile infection, healthcare-associated pneumonia, healthcare-associated primary bloodstream infection, healthcare-associated urinary tract infection and surgical-site infection, which were collected during the point prevalence survey of HAIs in European acute-care hospitals between 2011 and 2012. Results We estimated 478,222 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 421,350–537,787) cases for Germany, resulting in 16,245 (95% UI: 10,863–22,756) attributable deaths and 248,920 (95% UI: 178,693–336,239) DALYs. Despite the fact that Germany has a relatively low hospital prevalence of HAIs compared with the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) average, the burden of HAIs in Germany (308.2 DALYs/100,000 population; 95% UI: 221.2–416.3) was higher than the EU/EEA average (290.0 DALYs/100,000 population; 95% UI: 214.9–376.9). Our methodology is applicable to other countries in or outside of the EU/EEA. An R package is available from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BHAI. Conclusion This is the first study to estimate the burden of HAIs in DALYs for Germany. The large number of hospital beds may be a contributing factor for a relatively high burden of HAIs in Germany. Further focus on infection prevention control, paired with reduction of avoidable hospital stays, is needed to reduce the burden of HAIs in Germany.

Resurrecting positive action

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-433
Author(s):  
Christopher McCrudden
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The idea of “positive action” has long been regarded as a key element in a gender equality strategy and has been extensively promoted by the European Union (EU) as such. This brief comment considers: (i) how far positive action has been adopted in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA); (ii) the reasons why the practice of positive action has fallen short of the ambitions that the EU has had for it; and (iii) how it might best be resurrected. I emphasize in particular the need for a radically revised regulatory approach to be adopted, one more in keeping with the insights of regulatory theory in other contexts.

Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations

1994 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Albert Oosterhof
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.

scholarly journals EEA IN THE BREXIT’ SHADOW

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Babynina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
British Government ◽  
National Elections ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the Brexit’s impact on the functioning of the European Economic Area (EEA). Brexit renewed interest to EEA format, as one of the options for future relations between the United Kingdom and the EU. But so close cooperation under the control of the Union did not meet the interests of Britain, which chose the greatest distance from EU rules and regulations. For nonEU EEA countries (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) Brexit entailed a visible political and economic shake-up. First, the fact of the country’s exit from the EU and the tough position of the British government contributed to the growth of Eurosceptic rhetoric in the non-EU EEA countries. Secondly, in connection with the withdrawal of the UK from all structures of the European Union, these countries had a need to sign new trade and fisheries agreements. These processes were of the greatest impact for Norway, as the most significant player in the EEA, a non-EU member. Analyzing these processes, the author comes to the conclusion that Brexit did not have a significant impact on the functioning of the EEA, but increased interest in various external formats of integration. In addition, the domestic political discourse has become more acute regarding the possible revision of the format of relations with the EU, especially in Norway, which is largely due to national elections,

scholarly journals To the introduction of a sustainable mechanism for approximation of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of intellectual property to the legislation of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
Yurii Kapitsa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Eu

Methodological issues of approximation of the Ukrainian legislation to the EU legislation in the field of intellectual property are considered. The need for adoption of a sustainable approximation mechanism is justified, including the need of defining Ukraine’s commitments to implement the EU acquis; taking into account the experience of European Economic Area countries in applying of the decisions of the Court of Justice; introducing an analysis of the effectiveness of the application of legislation etc.

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