Explaining Illness as Bad News: Individual Differences in Explaining Illness-Related Information Cathy Gillotti, Purdue University, Calumet James Applegate, University of Kentucky

1999 ◽  
pp. 116-134
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Bad News ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Purdue University

scholarly journals Do Valenced Odors and Trait Body Odor Disgust Affect Evaluation of Emotion in Dynamic Faces?

Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1412-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmeri Syrjänen ◽  
Marco Tullio Liuzza ◽  
Håkan Fischer ◽  
Jonas K. Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Body Odor ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Facial Perception ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Dynamic Faces ◽  
Unpleasant Odor

Disgust is a core emotion evolved to detect and avoid the ingestion of poisonous food as well as the contact with pathogens and other harmful agents. Previous research has shown that multisensory presentation of olfactory and visual information may strengthen the processing of disgust-relevant information. However, it is not known whether these findings extend to dynamic facial stimuli that changes from neutral to emotionally expressive, or if individual differences in trait body odor disgust may influence the processing of disgust-related information. In this preregistered study, we tested whether a classification of dynamic facial expressions as happy or disgusted, and an emotional evaluation of these facial expressions, would be affected by individual differences in body odor disgust sensitivity, and by exposure to a sweat-like, negatively valenced odor (valeric acid), as compared with a soap-like, positively valenced odor (lilac essence) or a no-odor control. Using Bayesian hypothesis testing, we found evidence that odors do not affect recognition of emotion in dynamic faces even when body odor disgust sensitivity was used as moderator. However, an exploratory analysis suggested that an unpleasant odor context may cause faster RTs for faces, independent of their emotional expression. Our results further our understanding of the scope and limits of odor effects on facial perception affect and suggest further studies should focus on reproducibility, specifying experimental circumstances where odor effects on facial expressions may be present versus absent.

scholarly journals Tailored perception: listeners’ strategies for perceiving speech fit their individual perceptual abilities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Jasmin ◽  
Fred Dick ◽  
Lori Holt ◽  
Adam Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cue Weighting ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Prosodic Phrase ◽  
Duration Information ◽  
Perceptual Ability ◽  
Perceptual Abilities ◽  
Perceptual Weights

AbstractIn speech, linguistic information is conveyed redundantly by many simultaneously present acoustic dimensions, such as fundamental frequency, duration and amplitude. Listeners show stable tendencies to prioritize these acoustic dimensions differently, relative to one another, which suggests individualized speech perception ‘strategies’. However, it is unclear what drives these strategies, and more importantly, what impact they have on diverse aspects of communication. Here we show that such individualized perceptual strategies can be related to individual differences in perceptual ability. In a cue weighting experiment, we first demonstrate that individuals with a severe pitch perception deficit (congenital amusics) categorize linguistic stimuli similarly to controls when their deficit is unrelated to the main distinguishing cue for that category (in this case, durational or temporal cues). In contrast, in a prosodic task where pitch-related cues are typically more informative, amusics place less importance on this pitch-related information when categorizing speech. Instead, they relied more on duration information. Crucially, these differences in perceptual weights were observed even when pitch-related differences were large enough to be perceptually distinct to amusic listeners. In a second set of experiments involving musical and prosodic phrase interpretation, we found that this reliance on duration information allowed amusics to overcome their perceptual deficits and perceive both speech and music successfully. These results suggest that successful speech - and potentially music - comprehension is achieved through multiple perceptual strategies whose underlying weights may in part reflect individuals’ perceptual abilities.

scholarly journals Multi-University Partnership for Global Service Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 367-380
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Seay ◽  
John Lumkes
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Purdue University ◽  
The University

The African Center for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology (ACREST) is an NGO located in Bangang, Cameroon. ACREST has partnered with the University of Kentucky and Purdue University in a joint service learning and engineering program to design and build a low cost, diesel powered Multi-Purpose Utility Vehicle (MPV) and a small-scale biodiesel production plant to generate the fuel needed to operate the vehicle. Students from the University of Kentucky and Purdue University have worked alongside technicians from ACREST to implement these two integrated projects. Lessons learned as well as best practices from the development of service learning in engineering programs for undergraduates will also be presented.

scholarly journals Differentiating True and False Schematic Memories in Older Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E Webb ◽  
Nancy A Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Related Information

Abstract Objective While schemas aid memory for schematically related information, the gist induced by the schema can also lead to high rates of false memories, especially in older adults. The neural mechanisms that support and differentiate true and false memories in aging are not well understood. The current study sought to clarify this, using a novel scene paradigm to investigate the role of schemas on true and false memories in older adults. Methods Healthy older adults encoded schematic scenes (e.g., bathroom). At retrieval, participants were tested on their memory for both schematic and nonschematic targets and lures while functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected. Results Results indicate that true memories were supported by the typical retrieval network, and activity in this network was greater for true than false memories. Schema specific retrieval was supported by medial prefrontal cortex, extending this common finding to aging. While no region differentiated false memories compared to correct rejections, results showed that individual differences in false memory rates were associated with variability in neural activity. Discussion The findings underscore the importance of elucidating the neural basis of cognition within older adults, as well as the specific contribution of individual differences to the neural basis of memory errors in aging.

scholarly journals Numbers can be worth a thousand pictures: Individual differences in understanding graphical and numerical representations of health-related information.

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Gaissmaier ◽  
Odette Wegwarth ◽  
David Skopec ◽  
Ann-Sophie Müller ◽  
Sebastian Broschinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Numerical Representations

Oncologists’ Attitudes Toward and Practices in Giving Bad News: An Exploratory Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter F. Baile ◽  
Renato Lenzi ◽  
Patricia A. Parker ◽  
Robert Buckman ◽  
Lorenzo Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
American Society ◽  
Family Variables

PURPOSE: To examine the attitudes and practices of oncologists in disclosure of unfavorable medical information to cancer patients.METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to a group of physicians who attended the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. The questionnaire assessed demographic and practice-related information and the frequency of patient encounters in which unfavorable cancer-related information was disclosed. Participants were also asked about difficulties they had when approaching stressful discussions and communication strategies used in giving unfavorable information.RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 167 oncologists. Sixty-four percent were medical oncologists. Thirty-eight percent practiced in North America, 26% practiced in Europe, 13% practiced in South America, and 13% practiced in Asia. Participants gave bad news to patients an average of 35 times per month. Discussing no further curative treatment and hospice was reported as most difficult. In disclosing the cancer diagnosis and prognosis, physicians from Western countries were less likely to withhold unfavorable information from the patient at the family’s request, avoid the discussion entirely, use euphemisms, and give treatments known not to be effective so as not to destroy hope than physicians from other countries. There was significant variability in opinions regarding the best time to discuss resuscitation, with 18% of respondents believing that it should be done close to the end of life.CONCLUSION: There was significant variability in how physicians approach information disclosure to cancer patients. Factors such as geographical region and cultural and family variables may be important influences in this process.

scholarly journals How Did Individual Differences in Neurocognition and Health Literacy Influence the Initial Uptake and Use of Health-related Information about COVID-19?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Babicz ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Anastasia Matchanova ◽  
Luis D. Medina ◽  
Kenneth Podell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Health Related

Objective: The rapid development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into a pandemic required people to quickly acquire, evaluate, and apply novel complex health-related information about the virus and transmission risks. This study examined the possible interplay between neurocognition and health literacy in the early uptake and use of COVID-19 public health information. Method: Data were collected between April 23 and May 21, 2020, a period during which 42 out of 50 states were under a stay-at-home order. Participants were 217 healthy adults who completed a telephone-based battery that included standard tests of neurocognition, health literacy, verbal IQ, personality, and anxiety. Participants also completed measures of COVID-19 information-seeking skills, knowledge, prevention intentions, and prevention behaviors. Results: A series of hierarchical multiple regressions with data-driven covariates showed that neurocognition (viz, episodic verbal memory and executive functions) was independently related to COVID-19 knowledge (e.g., symptoms, risks) at a medium effect size, but not to information-seeking skills, prevention intentions, or prevention behaviors. Health literacy was independently related to all measured aspects of COVID-19 health information and did not interact with neurocognition in any COVID-19 health domain. Conclusions: Individual differences in neurocognition and health literacy played independent and meaningful roles in the initial acquisition of knowledge related to COVID-19, which is a novel human health condition. Future studies might examine whether neurocognitive supports (e.g., spaced retrieval practice, elaboration) can improve COVID-19-related knowledge and health behaviors in vulnerable populations.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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